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Manual

Formuleblad Statistiek II (compleet)(2017)

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PDF van formuleblad Statistiek II dat gebruikt mag worden tijdens het tentamen. Bevat alle formules met uitleg van de gebruikte symbolen (en soms ook kleine stukken tekst om de formule te verduidelijken). Met dit formuleblad heb ik alle vragen kunnen beantwoorden en een 8 voor het tentamen gehaald.

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Σ (𝑥𝑖−𝑥)2 𝑠
𝑠=√ voor berekening s2: wortel weglaten SEM =
√𝑛
= standaardfout van het gemiddelde
𝑛−1

𝑠
CV = coefficient of variation = 𝑥 CI: 𝑥 ± (𝑍𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 ∗ 𝑆𝐸𝑀)𝑜𝑓 𝑥 ± (𝑇𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 ∗ 𝑆𝐸𝑀)

𝐴
𝐴 𝐶 𝐴∗𝐶 𝐴 𝐶 𝐴∗𝐷 𝐵∗𝐶 𝐴∗𝐷+ 𝐵∗𝐶 𝐴∗𝐶 √𝐴 𝐴
𝑥 = + = + = 𝐵
= =√ 𝐴𝑖 ∗ 𝐴 𝑗 = 𝐴𝑖+𝑗 (Ai)j = Ai * j
𝐵 𝐷 𝐵∗𝐷 𝐵 𝐷 𝐵∗𝐷 𝐵∗𝐷 𝐵∗𝐷 𝐶 𝐵 √𝐵 𝐵


𝑥− 𝑥
Z= 𝑠
= afwijking van het gemiddelde (alleen bij normaalverdeling, gebruik voor standaardisering)
(𝑥− 𝜇)2 (𝑍)2
1 − 1
pdf = 𝜎 ∗𝑒 (2𝜎)2 z- toepassen geeft: pdf = ∗ 𝑒− 2 verdeling van waarnemingen in populatie
( ) √2𝜋
√2𝜋

𝑥− 𝑥
T=  als we σ niet weten (als n klein is) df = n – 1
𝑠/√𝑛
bij grote steekproeven (n > 120) nadert de verdeling van t de normaalverdeling

ES = μ2 – μ1 minimale effect waarin we nog geïnteresseerd zijn en dus willen detecteren
d = μ2-μ1/σ difference, fractie van s

Uitgaande van normaalverdeling:
𝑠2 (𝑍𝑎−𝑍𝑏)2
N= Zα: kritische z-waarde voor type-1 vergissing, Zβ voor type-2 vergissing
𝐸2
𝜎2 (𝑍𝛼−𝑍𝛽)2 𝜎(𝑍𝛼−𝑍𝛽)
A priori steekproefgrootte: 𝑛 = post hoc effectgrootte:ES =
𝐸𝑆 2 √𝑛
𝐸𝑆∗√𝑛
Power post hoc analyse: 𝑍𝛽 = 𝑍𝛼 −( 𝜎 )
𝑥−𝜇
𝑍= (rekenmachine  DISTR: normalcdf  upper: Z-value, P(Z>Zfound) = outcome, P = 1 – outcome)
𝑆𝐸𝑀

kritische waarde = μ0 + (Zα * SEM) Zβ = (kritische waarde – μA)/SEM
tweezijdige Zα/2 = 0.05/2 = 0.025 (gives negative and positive Zα-value) β:α = 4:1

F = VARA/VARB (grootste steekproefvariantie delen door kleinste) dfA = n – 1 dfB = n – 1
In tabel opzoeken of extreme waarde is (als extremer dan gegeven F  heteroscedastisch)

ongepaarde t-toets (alleen bij gelijke varianties)
(𝑛𝑎−1)𝑆𝑎2 +(𝑛𝑏−1)𝑆𝑏2
Sp = √ gepoolde standaardafwijking als beste schatting van onbekende σ
𝑛𝑎+𝑛𝑏−2
substitutie geeft:
𝑥𝑎−𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑎−𝑥𝑏
t= df = na + nb – 2 t=
(𝑆𝑝√
1 1
+ ) (𝑛𝑎−1)𝑆𝑎2 + (𝑛𝑏−1)𝑆𝑏2 1 1
𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑏 √ (𝑛𝑎+𝑛𝑏)
(𝑛𝑎+𝑛𝑏−2)
gepaarde t-toets (alleen bij gelijke varianties)
Σ∆
∆= Σ∆ = optelsom van de verschillen tussen gepaarde waarnemingen
𝑛

2
Σ(Δ− Δ) 𝑆Δ 𝜇𝑎− 𝜇𝑏
S∆ = √ SEΔ = t=∆−
𝑛−1 √𝑛 𝑆𝐸∆

|𝑥− 𝑋|
outliers: Criterium van Chauvenet: Z = P(Z > Zoutcome) want minstens zo afwijkend
𝑠
outliers: Dixon’s criterium: D = |outlier – volgende waarde|, 1/3 bereik nemen (als D > 1/3 bereik geldig)
outliers: Methode van Grubb: Zsus = |Xsus - 𝑋|/s Zmax = n – 1/sqrt(n) Als Zsus > Zmax dan P < 0.05



Type-1 error rate: 1 –(1-α)C c = aantal t-tests in serie
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