FINAL CRAT EXAM 2023 Already Passed A+ Guaranteed

FINAL CRAT EXAM 2023 Already Passed A+ Guaranteed Chronotropic *** heart rate Inotropic *** force of myocardial contractility Dromotropic *** conduction velocity through the AV node Systole *** contraction of chamber, blood is being ejected. Pressure rises during systole. Diastole *** rest, relaxation of chamber, chamber is allowed to fill. Pressure falls during diastole. Stroke Volume *** the amount of blood left ventricle pumps in each beat. (mL/beat) Cardiac output- definition *** The amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute. (units= mL/min) Cardiac output- equation *** (HR) X (Stroke Volume) Avg. healthy adult= 4-8 L/min Venous return *** amount of blood flowing into the right heart from the systemic ciruclation Blood Pressure- definition *** force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries as the ventricles contract and relax Blood pressure- equation *** (cardiac output) X (peripheral resistance) or you could put it another way: (HR)(Stroke Volume)(Peripheral Resistance) An increase in Potassium or decrease in Calcium cause the heart to be ____. *** flaccid, limp, dilated, lower HR Excess Calcium can cause the heart to be _____. *** spastic contractions. Although about 70% of ventricular filling occurs passively, ______ ______ contributes an additional 10% to 30% of blood flow to ventricular filling. *** atrial kick The area in the middle of the thoracic cavity in which the heart lies is the: *** Mediastinum The inferior surface of the heart is formed by the *** Right and left ventricles Receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus *** The right atrium The right ventricle *** Pumps unoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation The _____ pericardium is the inner layer of the pericardium, which is also the outer layer of the heart wall called the _____. *** Visceral, epicardium When a ventricle relaxes in the normal heart, blood is prevented from flowing back into it by *** A semilunar valve Which of the following conditions are potentially reversible? *** Myocardial ischemia and myocardial injury Which of the following is the innermost layer of the heart that lines its inner chambers, valves and is continuous with the innermost layers of the arteries, veins and capillaries of the body? *** Endocardium Which of the following statements is CORRECT *** A branch of the right coronary artery supplies the right atrium and the right ventricle The main electrolytes that affect cardiac function are *** Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium When an ECG machine is properly calibrated, a 1-millivolt (mV) electrical signal will produce a deflection measuring exactly ______ tall. *** Ten millimeters The ST segment is measured from *** The end of the QRS to the beginning of the T wave Where is the positive electrode placed in Lead III? *** Left leg/foot Five large boxes, each consisting of five small boxes, represent _____ on ECG paper. *** One second Another term for ventricular escape rhythm *** Idioventricular Rhythm (IVR) Agonal rhythm *** IVR with HR 20 bpm HR for IVR (ventricular escape rhythm) *** 20-40 bpm Signs and symptoms experienced during a tachydysrhythmia are usually primarily related to: *** Decreased ventricular filling time and stroke volume The most common type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) *** AV nodal reentrant tachycarida (AVNRT) Which of the following rhythm originates in the SA node and is commonly phasic with breathing? *** Sinus arrhythmia HR Range: Idioventricular, Acc Idioventricular, and Vtach *** 20-40, 41-100, 101+ HR Range: Juncitonal, Acc Junctional, and Junctional Tach *** 40-60, 61-100, 101+ Intrinsic rate of SA node *** 60-100 bpm Intrinsic rate of AV node *** 40-60 bpm Intrinsic rate of Purkinje fibers (ventricles) *** 20-40 bpm 2 types of v-tach *** monomorphic (all the same) and polymorphic (looks like a spindle) Torsades de Pointes is a type of ______ ______ *** poltmorphic v-tach Rhythm that has no pattern at all. Waveforms cannot be identified. *** V-fib If R is far from P, then you have *** 1st degree Longer, longer, longer, drop, then you have a *** Wenckebache (mobitz 1, 2nd degree type 1) If some p's don't get through, then you have a *** Mobitz 2 (2nd degree type 2) If p's and r's dont agree, then you have a *** 3rd degree The two types of blocks where PR intervals are all identical *** 1st degree, and 2nd degree type 2 A 3rd degree block will either be ______ with a narrow QRS or _____ with a wide QRS. *** Junctional or ventricular. And PR interval has no consistency. A ____ pause follows a PAC. *** incomplete. SA node resets its rhythm. A ____ pause follows a PVC. *** complete. Before and after premature beat is the same as 2 r-r intervals Compensatory pause *** sinus node timing is not interrupted, and next sinus impulse is conducted on time Non-compensatory pause *** SA node resets its timing, and the following P wave may appear earlier than expected. Delta wave *** The slurred effect of.... An accessory conduction pathway is present between the atria and the ventricles, with rapid conduction of electrical impulses to the ventricles. These rapid impulses create a slurring of the initial portion of the QRS. Sign of WPW syndrome (AVRT) For an irregular heart rate: Count the number of QRS complexes over a ________. *** 6 second interval. Multiply by 10 to determine heart rate. Augmented leads *** (aVR, aVL, aVF) measure positive electrical charges through a single electrode and a reference point having zero activity. Sinus exit block *** block that results in a dropped beat that is a multiple of the P - P interval, after the dropped beat, the rhythm continues regularly It is NOT a non-conducted PAC if...... *** the p-waves are on time. (ex. Second degree type 1 AV block) Bundle branch block *** either the left or right ventricles may depolarize late, creating a wide, notched QRS. Third degree AV block *** Conduction between the atria and the ventricles is totally absent because of complete electrical block at or below the AV node. This is known as AV dissociation. Complete heart block is another name for this. Ventricular Fibrillation *** no ventricular depolarization or contraction. Small baseline amplitude= fine. Large amplitude= coarse. Torsade de Pointes *** (twisting of points)- polymorphic v-tach that looks like spindles. Multiform *** PVC's with different shapes QT interval represents... *** time of ventricular activity, including both depolarization and repolarization