Ethische En Rechtsfilosofische Stromingen (B001312)
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Samenvatting BOEK ethische en rechtsfilosofische stromingen
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Ethische En Rechtsfilosofische Stromingen (B001312)
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Universiteit Gent (UGent)
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Ethische En Rechtsfilosofische Stromingen (B001312)
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Ethische en Rechtsfilosofische
stromingen
Academiejaar
2022-2023
,Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1. De klassieke rechtvaardigingstoets ...................................................................................................... 4
1.1. Normatieve problemen: enkele schijnbare oplossingen ............................................................................ 4
A. Geloof… ...................................................................................................................................................... 4
B. Emoties… .................................................................................................................................................... 4
C. Feitelijke toestand… ................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2. Normatieve problemen: de rationele benadering ....................................................................................... 5
A. Bentham: de morele calculus - UTILITARISME ........................................................................................... 5
B. Kant: de morele plicht - DEONTOLOGISME................................................................................................. 6
1.3. De klassieke rechtvaardigingstoets ............................................................................................................ 8
Hoofdstuk 2. Waardigheid.......................................................................................................................................... 9
2.1. Inleiding ...................................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2. Het belang van menselijke waardigheid ..................................................................................................... 9
2.3. Vier betekenisvelden (McCrudden) ............................................................................................................ 9
A. Verbod op onmenselijke behandeling ........................................................................................................ 9
B. Recht op menswaardig bestaan ................................................................................................................. 9
C. Recht op zelfbeschikking .......................................................................................................................... 10
D. Verbod op discriminatie ............................................................................................................................ 10
2.4. Dehumanisering........................................................................................................................................ 10
A. Animale en machinale dehumanisering ................................................................................................... 10
B. Is animale dehumanisering erger dan machinale ..................................................................................... 11
C. Handhaving van de grens tussen mens en dier ........................................................................................ 11
D. Twee theorieën over de grens tussen mens en dier.................................................................................. 11
E. De toekomst ............................................................................................................................................. 12
Hoofdstuk 3. Het vrijheids- of autonomiebeginsel ................................................................................................... 13
3.1. De schaduwzijden van vrijheid ................................................................................................................. 13
A. Beladen begrip… ....................................................................................................................................... 13
B. De voorondersteling van vrijheid (Feinberg) ............................................................................................. 13
3.2. Drie soorten vrijheden .............................................................................................................................. 13
A. Zelfbepaling – negatieve vrijheid ................................................................................................................. 13
B. Zelfbeschikking – conditionele vrijheid / zelfdeterminatie ............................................................................ 14
C. Zelfrealisatie – positieve vrijheid / normatief ............................................................................................... 14
3.3. Vrijheid van privéleven (privacy) ............................................................................................................... 15
A. Van “vrijheid” naar “privacy” ................................................................................................................... 15
B. Schadebeginsel en paternalisme ............................................................................................................. 16
3.4. Het recht op vrije meningsuiting ............................................................................................................... 17
3.5. Vrijheid van opvoeden .............................................................................................................................. 18
A. Inleiding .................................................................................................................................................... 18
B. Drie beginselen ......................................................................................................................................... 18
C. Toepassing ................................................................................................................................................ 19
3.6. Vrijheid van cultuur en godsdienst ........................................................................................................... 20
1
, A. Multiculturele controverses ..................................................................................................................... 20
B. Drie beginselen ......................................................................................................................................... 20
C. Toepassing ................................................................................................................................................ 23
Hoofdstuk 4. Het gelijkheidsbeginsel ...................................................................................................................... 24
4.1. Gelijkheid: een allemansvriend ................................................................................................................ 24
4.2. De formele gelijkheid ................................................................................................................................ 24
A. Aristoteles ................................................................................................................................................ 24
B. Aristocratie ............................................................................................................................................... 24
4.3. Rechtengelijkheid ..................................................................................................................................... 25
A. Hobbes ..................................................................................................................................................... 25
B. Locke ........................................................................................................................................................ 25
C. Rousseau .................................................................................................................................................. 25
D. Diderot en d’Alambert .............................................................................................................................. 26
E. Lafitau en Voltaire..................................................................................................................................... 26
F. Klassiek Liberalisme en EU ...................................................................................................................... 26
4.4. Kansengelijkheid (na WOII)....................................................................................................................... 27
A. Keuzecriterium (Hirst) .............................................................................................................................. 27
B. Ethisch kader (White) ............................................................................................................................... 28
C. Juridisch kader (antidiscriminatiewetten) ................................................................................................ 28
4.5. Compenserende kansengelijkheid ........................................................................................................... 29
A. Meritocratische ideaal .............................................................................................................................. 29
B. Substantiële vorm van gelijkheid .............................................................................................................. 29
4.6. Bronnengelijkheid ..................................................................................................................................... 30
A. John Rawls, Ronald Dworkin ..................................................................................................................... 30
B. Onderscheid tussen 3 basisideeën…........................................................................................................ 30
4.7. Welvaartsgelijkheid .................................................................................................................................. 31
A. Van utopische droom tot dictatuur van het proletariaat ........................................................................... 31
B. Vormen van welvaartsgelijkheid ............................................................................................................... 32
Hoofdstuk 5: Liberalistische kritiek op egalitaire sociaaldemocratie ...................................................................... 34
5.1. Inleiding .................................................................................................................................................... 34
5.2. Robert Nozick ........................................................................................................................................... 34
5.3. Friedrich Hayek ......................................................................................................................................... 35
5.4. Libertaristisch alternatief voor zelfgenoegzaam links? ............................................................................ 36
Hoofdstuk 6. Het legitimiteitsbeginsel (meer verduidelijking in boek) ........................................................................ 37
Hoofdstuk 7. Het recht om te straffen ..................................................................................................................... 38
7.1. Straffen als rechtsfilosofisch probleem ................................................................................................... 38
7.2. De utilitaristische rechtvaardiging (Bentham, Beccaria) .......................................................................... 39
A. Het utilitarisme hangt af van empirische toetsing .................................................................................... 39
B. Het utilitarisme botst met onze intuïtie .................................................................................................... 39
7.3. De retributivistische rechtvaardiging (Kant) ............................................................................................ 39
A. Het dwangprobleem ................................................................................................................................. 39
B. Het vrijewilprobleem ................................................................................................................................ 40
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