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Epidemiology is the science of public health Population Health focuses on risk, data, demographics, and outcomes. Outcomes is the end result that follows an intervention aggregate is a defined population. community is composed of multiple aggregates data is complied information Prevalence measures the existence of a disease. Measures the number of all cases of a disease or attribute in a population at a given time Incidence measures the appearance of a disease. Measures the occurrence of new events in a population over a period of time. surveillance is the collection, analysis, and dissemination of data. high-risk is an increased chance of poor health outcome. Morbidity is the presence of illness in a population mortality is related to the tracking deaths in an aggregate vital statistics statistics on live births, deaths, fetal deaths, marriages and divorces. cases set of criteria used in making a decision as to whether an individual has a disease or health event of interest Social Justice the view that everyone deserves equal rights and opportunities —this includes the right to good health Inter-professional collaboration The idea of sharing and implies collective action oriented toward a common goal, in this case, improving the quality and safety of patient care. It involves responsibility, accountability, coordination, communication, cooperation, assertiveness, mutual respect, and autonomy. Healthy People 2020 aims to reach four overarching goals: 1.Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death, 2. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups 3.Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all. 4. Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages. Determinants of care/health The range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status are known ... risk analysis the characterization of the potential adverse health effects of human exposures to environmental hazards health disparities the difference in health statuses between various groups (populations). Sensitivity measures the proportion of actual positives that are correctly identified as such (e.g., the percentage of sick people who are correctly identified as having the condition) Specificity (also called the true negative rate) measures the proportion of actual negatives that are correctly identified as such (e.g., the percentage of healthy people who are correctly identified as not having the condition) Positive predictive value is the probability that subjects with a positive screening test truly have the disease epidemiological triangle 1. A traditional model of infectious disease causation, known as the Epidemiologic Triad is depicted in Figure 2. The triad consists of an external agent, a host and an environment in which host and agent are brought together, causing the disease to occur in the host. confounding variable is an "extra" variable that you didn't account for. They can ruin an experiment and give you useless results. They can suggest there is correlation when in fact there isn't. They can even introduce bias. That's why it's important to know what one is, and how to avoid getting them into your experiment in the first place Study Methods descriptive and analytic descriptive study describes person place and time. Provided data for program planning, resource planning, and generates a hypothesis. Types include correlational studies, case reports and studies, and cross-sectional studies. analytic study consists of observational and experimental. Observational include case control and cohort. Experimental includes random control trial (typically for new drug testing), field trial (conducted on those who have a high risk of obtained a disease), and community trial (research is conducted on an entire community or neighborhood). Test a hypothesis. Rapid Cycle Improvement (RCI) 1. "quality improvement method that identifies, implements and measures changes made to improve a process or a system." it implies that changes are made and tested over periods of three or months or less, rather than the standard eight to twelve months. It consists of fours stages: Plan: Identify an opportunity to improve and plan a change or test of how something works. Do: Carry out the plan on a small number of patients. The test period may be as short as one day for small PDSA cycles. Study:Examine the results. Did you achieve your goals? Act: Use your results to make a decision, incorporate changes into your workflow, and establish future quality improvement plans Is screening a tertiary intervention? If yes, why, if not, what is it? No, it is secondary. How does a provider determine the usefulness, appropriateness, of a screening test? Where would and NP look to find a screening test? What determines if a screening test should be used? Determining whether a screening test is appropriate requires the APRN to address several aspects of the disease of interest. The target population needs to be identifiable. There should be enough people to make the study cost effective. The preclinical period should be proficient to allow treatment before symptoms appear so that early diagnosis and treatment make a difference in terms of outcomes. The NP could look at the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and SAMHSA-HRSA to find a screening test. Sensitivity and specificity measure the validity of a test. Sensitivity is the number identified/ the number affected. Specificity is the number identified in the screening of not having the disease/ the actual number who do not have the disease.