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Summary - Global Migration
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A Level Geography OCR Notes
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Lesson 2Global Migration
Global Migration Patterns: Inter-regional migration Non-European
migration to Europe (Middle Eastern and African migrants)
Inter-regional migrant flows are where people flee their country of
origin due to political instability or conflict such as in Africa or the Middle
East in order to reach European territory and many thousands of people
risk their lives. Often having travelled over land across desert areas, the
migrants are transported and sometimes set adrift in small vessels in the
Mediterranean by the traffickers.
One migration route is in the central Mediterranean from Libyan ports to
Italy’s most southerly point, the island of Lampedusa. Others include West
African routes to Spain via its North African territories of Cueta and Melilla
and the Canary Islands. Large numbers of migrants have crossed between
Turkey and Greece. Once migrants reached Europe via Greece they are
then able to move north towards western European countries like
Germany and France. At the peak of the movement in 2015 some
countries such as Hungary started to close their borders. Numbers of
migrants increased significantly in 2015; this became a major issue of
rescue and border control for the Italian coastguard and Frontex the EU’s
border management agency as well as the UN's Refugee Agency, UNHCR
and many NGOs concerned with migrant welfare. In 2015, the Italian and
Greek coastguards struggled to cope with the large number of people
arriving into their territories and waters . The EU’s border management
, Lesson 2
Global Migration
agency Frontex also struggled. The UN’s refugee agency UNHCR and
many NGOs became involved with trying to deal with the vast human
movement taking place.
The Lee Migration
Model:
Migrations is caused by:
Push factors – these are negative factors which operate in a migrants
current location e.g., conflict, lack of employment (economic factor),
persecution, natural disasters and cost of living
Pull factors – these are perceived as advantages of a potential
destination which attract migrants e.g., better quality of life, higher
wages, more employment opportunities
In many instances, the decision to migrate is influenced by a combination
of these factors; these can be economic, social, political, and
environmental. This provides a useful framework for the understanding of
international migration. Places of origin and destination possess attributes
which each potential migrant perceives differently according to their
personal characteristics and circumstances. The Lee model also
incorporates the idea of intervening obstacles. These could occur at any
point from origin to destination and include: costs; physical features such
as oceans, rivers, mountain ranges; climatic factors; health; transport; and
cultural factors such as language.
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