NR 283: Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions Solved 100%

UTI or Acute Cystitis - Answer - cloudy urine - caused by E. coli Pancreatitis - Answer is caused by: - gallstones (bile duct disorder) - alcohol Rickets - Answer - a term used for osteomalacia in CHILDREN - usually due to inadequate or lack of Vitamin D Appendicitis - Answer - pain in the lower right quadrant (LRQ) Peptic Ulcer (Gastric) - Answer - occult blood in stool - coffee-ground vomitus (coffee grains in the vomit) Sprain - Answer - a torn ligament Azotemia - Answer - nitrogen in the blood caused by kidney damage - excess urea and other nitrogen wastes in the blood, as in renal failure Dislocation - Answer - distortion of joint, usually evident - bone separated from/deformed at joint What group is at high-risk for Gout? - Answer - males between 40-50 years of age What group is at high-risk for Osteoporosis? - Answer - postmenopausal women due to low estrogen levels Gastritis - Answer - is an inflammation of the stomach that may occur in many forms such as acute and chronic - inflammatory disorder of gastric mucosa - Increases risk of cancer Acute Gastritis - Answer - gastric mucosa is inflamed - may be ulcerated and bleeding - is usually self-limiting - may result from infection by microorganisms, allergies to foods, spicy or irritating foods, excessive alcohol intake, ingestion of aspirin or other NSAIDs, ingestion of corrosive or toxic substances, radiation or chemotherapy - signs and symtpoms include: • anorexia, nausea, vomiting may develop • hematemesis caused by bleeding • epigastric pain, cramps or general discomfort • with infection, diarrhea may develop Chronic Gastritis - Answer - characterized by atrophy of stomach mucosa • loss of secretory glands • reduced production of intrinsic factor - Helicobacter pylori infection is often present - signs may be vague • mild epigastric discomfort, anorexia, intolerance for certain foods - increased risk of peptic ulcers and gastric carcinoma - certain autoimmune disorders are associated with one type of chronic gastric atrophy Signs and Symptoms of Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones) - Answer - stones in the kidney or bladder are frequently asymptomatic - flank pain (back pain or area below the ribs) due to distention of the renal capsule - renal colic caused by obstruction of the ureter • intense spasms of pain in flank area • radiating into groin area • lasts until stone passes or is removed • possible nausea and vomiting, cool moist skin, rapid pulse • radiological examination confirms location of calculi Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) - Answer - food goes down and mixes with acid and goes back up - involves the periodic flow of gastric contents into the esophagus which causes erosion and inflammation - often seen in conjunction with hiatal hernia - causes heartburn frequently occur 30 to 60 minutes after eating or at night Hepatic Encephalopathy - Answer - increases ammonia (excessive levels) - serum ammonia levels - abnormal levels of electrolytes or amino acids, and excessive ammonia or other toxic chemicals which affect the central nervous system Cirrhosis - Answer - causes liver blockage - progressive destruction of the liver - causes the following: • alcoholic liver disease (portal cirrhosis) • biliary cirrhosis (associated with immune disorders) • postnecrotic cirrhosis (linked with chronic hepatitis or long-term exposure to toxic materials) • metabolic (usually caused by genetic metabolic storage disorders) Bladder Cancer - Answer - main predisposing factor: SMOKING - other predisposing factors include working with chemicals in laboratories and industry (particularly aniline dyes, rubber, aluminum), recurrent infections, heavy intake of analgesics - most bladder tumors are malignant and commonly arise from transitional epithelium of the bladder - develops as multiple tumors and tends to recur - diagnosed by urine cytology and biopsy - early signs include hematuria and dysuria Locked-in Syndrome - Answer - aware and thinking but paralyzed - refers to a condition in which an individual with brain damage is aware and capable of thinking but is paralyzed and cannot communicate - some individuals can move their eyes in a "yes" or "no" response Comminuted Fracture - Answer - multiple fractures of the bone - a number of fracture lines in which there are multiple fracture lines and bone fragments Disuse Atrophy - Answer - taking cast off and causes smaller/weaker muscle - also called muscle wasting - when muscles are no longer in use, they slowly become weaker - causative factor: often occurs after a period of bed rest after a major surgical procedure, to people with limbs in casts or from becoming bedridden due to illness or age