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A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) A PMI publication that defines widely accepted project management practices. The CAPM and PMP exam are based on this book. Application areas The areas of expertise, industry, or function where a project is centered. Examples of application areas include architecture, IT, healthcare, or manufacturing. Certified Associate in Project Management (CAPM) A person who has slightly less project management experience than a PMP, but who has qualified for and then passed the CAPM examination. Cultural and social environment Defines how a project affects people and how those people may affect the project. Cultural and social environments include the economic, educational, ethical, religious, demographic, and ethnic composition of the people affected by the project. Deliverable A product, service, or result created by a project. Projects can have multiple deliverables. General management skills These include the application of accounting, procurement, sales and marketing, contracting, manufacturing, logistics, strategic planning, human resource management, standards and regulations, and information technology. International and political environment The consideration of the local and international laws, languages, communication challenges, time zone differences, and other non-collocated issues that affect a project's ability to progress. Interpersonal skills The ability to interact, lead, motivate, and manage people. Iron Triangle of Project Management A triangle with the characteristics of time, cost, and scope. Time, cost, and scope each constitute one side of the triangle; if any side of the Iron Triangle is not in balance with the other sides, the project will suffer. The Iron Triangle of Project Management is also known as the Triple Constraints of Project Management, as all projects are constrained by time, cost, and scope. Physical environment The physical structure and surroundings that affect a project's work. Program A collection of related projects working in unison toward a common deliverable. Progressive elaboration The process of gathering project details in steady, uniform steps. This process uses deductive reasoning, logic, and a series of information-gathering techniques to identify details about a project, product, or solution. Project A short-term endeavor to create a unique product, service, or result. The end result of a project is also called a deliverable. Project environment The location and culture of the environment where the project work will reside. The project environment includes the social, economic, and environmental variables the project must work with or around. Project Management Institute (PMI) An organization of project management professionals from around the world, supporting and promoting the careers, values, and concerns of project managers. Project management office (PMO) A central office that oversees all projects within an organization or within a functional department. A PMO supports the project management through software, training, templates, policies, communication, dispute resolution, and other services. Project Management Professional (PMP) A person who has proven project management experience and has qualified for and then passed the PMP certification examination. Project portfolio management The management and selection of projects, that support an organization's vision and mission. It is the balance of project priority, risk, reward, and return on investment. This is a senior management process. Subprojects A smaller project managed within a larger, parent project. Subprojects are often contracted work whose deliverable allows the larger project to progress. Triple Constraints of Project Management Also known as the Iron Triangle. This theory posits that time, cost, and scope are three constraints that every project has. A series of activities to create a unique product or service by a specific date is best described as which one of the following? A. A program B. An operation C. A project D. A subproject C. A project is a temporary endeavor to create a unique product, service, or result. Deadlines and cost constraints are tied to the project. A is incorrect because programs are a collection of projects working toward a common cause. B is incorrect because operations are ongoing activities of an organization. D, a subproject, describes a project that is part of and supports a larger project. Which of the following is likely to be part of an operation? A. Providing electricity to a community B. Designing an electrical grid for a new community C. Building a new dam as a source of electricity D. Informing the public about changes at the electrical company. A. Providing electricity to a community is the best example of operations, as it is an ongoing activity. B, C, and D are all examples of projects, as they are temporary and create a unique product, service, or result. Of the following, which one is the best examples of progressive elaboration? A. It is the process of decomposing the work into small, manageable, tasks. B. It is the process of taking a project from concept to completion. C. It is the process of taking a project concept to a project budget. D. It is the process of identifying the business needs of a potential project. B. According to the PMBOK, progressive elaboration means developing in steps and then continuing by increments. Choice A describes the process of breaking down the project scope into the task list. C is not a valid choice for this question. D is part of determining if a project should be chartered and is not the best answer for this question.