Lecture notes: society and social justice - ethnicity and race
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Course
Society and Social Justice (ED1BSJ)
Institution
University Of Reading (UoR)
What is race, ethnicity, nationality. What is social construct, why is race a social construct. Why is race a sensitive concept. What are the characteristics of ethnic groups. What are BME and BAME. What are the limitations of BME and BAME. What are the racial perceptions. What does the Census 2011...
Race =
- Human construct
- Mode of categorisation based on physical appearance
- It’s ascribed = people assigned into racial categories based on what others see
|_> categories = fluid. Our ideas of regional groupings change all the time
Ethnicity =
- Ethnic group/s person belongs to.
- Part of someone’s heritage & ancestry
- 2 people in same racial groups can/do have different backgrounds
- Huge part of identity formation & development
Nationality =
- Someone’s national origin, where they hold citizenship
- People from same race or ethnicity come from all different nations
- Nationality = flexible. Person immigrates, nationality changes.
|_> dual citizenship or no citizenship at all
SLIDE 4: RACE
Social construct. How people define themselves & other people based on physical &
social characteristics
|_> race in social science is different than life science (i.e. human race)
Racial identifiers = physical features (i.e. skin complexions) – PILKINGTON, 2003
Race generates material, emotional & experiential inequalities & consequences
Used in literature, as it continues to be relevant everyday
|_> racial tensions in US (e.g. NFL kneeling of national anthem), #blacklivesmatter
SLIDE 5: RACE = SENSITIVE CONCEPT
- Term isn’t easily defined or understood
- Implicit power relations
- Links to current debates around immigrations
SLIDE 6&7: ETHNICITY
- Distinct cultural norms & values of a group – WALTERS, 2012
- Individuals sense of identification & provides sense of belonging
- New concept (from 1950s)
- Attempt to move away from physical characteristics?
- Characteristics of ethnic groups may include:
1. Shared cultural practices & beliefs
2. Common lang
3. Common religion
4. Common geographical origin
|_> common racial or physical features?
, |_> can you look like a particular ethnicity?
} SONG, 1999; WATERS 1990
- Better concept to race.
SLIDE 10: BME & BAME
- BME = Black & Minority Ethnic – from1980s
- BAME = Black, Asian & minority ethnic – last 10 yrs
} both have limitations:
- Imply BME/BAME individuals = homogeneous group
- Describing groups as non-white – othering
- Perceived as convenient labels, placed on minority ethnic groups of people. NOT
identities with which people have chosen to identify
- These terms refer only to non-white people, doesn’t consider white minority
ethnic groups
SLIDE 12: RACIAL PERCEPTIONS
- 2/3yrs old = more aware of male/female
- 3 – 5 yrs old = attach value to skin colour. Independent of their own ethnicity
SLIDE 14: CENSUS 2011: ETHNIC CATEGORIES (%)
ONS = says there’s no consensus on what constitutes an ethnic group, membership = self-
defined & subjectively meaningful.
- Ethnicity = multifaceted & changing phenomenon
|_> many ways of measuring ethnic groups. E.G. ancestry, identity, religion, lang,
physical appearance
{ Ethnicity includes all these aspects
- Mixed = 2.2%
- White = 86%
- Asian = 7.5%
- Black = 3.3%
- All = 100%
SLIDE 17: CENSUS 2011, RELIGION
Christian = 59.3% in 2011 => -12.4% change from 2001
No religion = 25.1% => +10.3% change from 2001
Muslim = 4.8% => +1.8% change from 2001
Other = 0.4% => +0.1% change from 2001
SLIDE 19:
5+ GCSEs a* - c: 2012/13 5+ GCSEs a* - c inc eng & maths
White = 82.5% GCSE: 2012/13
Mixed = 83.7% White = 60.2%
Asian = 86.4% Mixed = 62.6%
Black = 82.9% Asian = 64.2%
Chinese = 93% Black = 58.1%
All = 283% Chinese = 78.2%
All = 60.6%
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