QASP-S Exam Study Guide using Competency Guide With Correct Solutions (Solved 2023/2024)

QASP-S Exam Study Guide Positive Behavior Support - Answer an approach used to support behavior change. The method is not designed to "fix" the person & never uses punishment. Main idea: teaching someone a more effective/ acceptable bx will decrease problem bx. Who is a bx support plan for? - Answer indv who display challenging bx to the extent that it severely impacts their life. -can be developed and used at any age. PBS in a School Setting - Answer Proact, Safety Care, Be aware of antecedant strategies, ensure safety of kiddo and others around. What is a good bx support plan look like? - Answer - more proactive strategies than reactive ones - helps to ensure that the focus of the plan is on providing ways to support the person to have a good life, enabling the person to learn better and more effective ways of getting what they need. Proactive Strategies - Answer Intended to make sure the person gets what they need & includes ways to teach the person appropriate communication & life skills. Reactive Strategies - Answer Designed to keep the person & those around them safe from harm. They provide a way to react quickly when person is distressed & more likely to display challenging behavior. Functions of Behaviors & Alternatives - Answer Sensory:teach them to ask for desired object/ activity, use preferred sensory items to create new activities, have sensory time & structured activity so stimming doesn't take over Escape:Teach them to say yes/ no, ask for break/ all done, introduce them to a less preferred activity gradually, change the way you ask them to do something Attention: Teach them to tap/ vocalize sign for desired item; give frequent positive social attn Tangibles:teach them to ask for object/ activity, Give what they asked for as soon as appropriate, teach them to get something themselves, Make sure they are not left too long w/o food/drink/ something meaningful to do. What is Discrete Trial Training? - Answer a Method of teaching in simplified & structured steps. A skill is broken down into steps & built up one step at a time. Each attempt is a "trial". 5 steps of DTT - Answer 1.Antecedent-sets up the response (SD, environment) 2.Prompt 3.Response 4. Consequence for Correct Response/ Incorrect response 5. Inter-trial interval Pros of DTT - Answer Scripted to ensure all trials are consistent, can increase motivation & learning, numerous learning opportunities, can be easily individualized, clear beginning & end to each trial, can minimize failures Cons of DTT - Answer Difficult to generalize, boring, lacks naturalistic reinforcement, difficulty fading reinforcement Purpose of Person Centered Planning - Answer ongoing problem solving process used to help ppl w disabilities plan for the future: -To look at the ind a different way -To assist the focus person in gaining control of their own life -To increase opportunities for participation in the community -To recognize individual desires, interests & dreams -Through team effort, develop a plan to turn dreams into reality. Who is involved in Person Centered Planning? - Answer The focus person & whoever they would like. Works best when there is an unbiased facilitator & a person to record what is shared. Family members, professionals, friends, etc may be invited. Steps of Person Centered Planning: Profiling - Answer 1. Develop a history for focus person. (Background, critical events, medical issues, major developments, important relationships) 2. Description of quality of life for FP. (Comm participation, comm presence, choices/rights, respect & competence) 3. Personal preferences of FP. (Preferred activities, things they do not like) Person Centered Planning Meeting - Answer 1. Review the profile. Make comments & observations 2. Review trends/ongoing events in the environment. 3. Share visions for the future to increase opportunities. 4. ID obstacles & opportunities, things that could make vision a reality 5. ID strategies: action steps for implementation 6. Getting started: ID action steps that can be done in a short time. 7. ID the need for service delivery to be more responsive to ind needs. Who was Hans Asperger? - Answer 20th century, Austrian Pediatrician who published a profile in 1944 of four boys with a specific pattern of bx: "autisitic psychopathy". Characteristics of Aspergers (1944) - Answer "lack of empathy, little ability to form friendships, one-sided conversations, intense absorption in a special interest & clumsy movements." The term "Asperger Syndrome" was coined by: - Answer Lorna Wing, a British Researcher in 1981 in her research to counter Kanner's findings on Autism. Basic principles of Bx by Skinner (& others) - Answer Reinforcement -Prompting -Fading -Shaping -Schedules of Rx (Principles are the pure science, not the applied science.) -Principles used to describe how bx is lawful, observable, measurable & has an impact on the environment. DRO - Answer Reinforcement is contingent on absence of problem behavior. DRA - Answer Potential rx is presented contingent on occurrences of desired alternative to maladaptive bx. Maladaptive Bx is placed on extinction. Example of DRA: crying to escape - Answer Asking for a break. Crying doesn't result in a break. Replacement Bx for Attention: - Answer tap on shoulder, say "excuse me", raise hand in class, Replacement Bx for Escape: - Answer Asking for break, finish one more then break, take a walk, go get a drink. Replacement Bx for Tangibles: - Answer eating/ drinking on a schedule so kiddo isn't hungry/thirsty, Manding/tacting desired items, Completing task to earn tangibles, turn taking Replacement bx for Sensory: - Answer fidgets, private time/breaks for sensory stimming, mouthable necklaces, chewing gum, swinging at recess, What is PRT - Answer :a naturalistic model of ABA. Primarily Developed by Koegel Autism Center at UCSB in 1970s. There are several "pivotal" areas/ domains of bx that have positive impact on learning all other behaviors. 4 Pivotal Areas of Bx: - Answer 1. Motivation 2. Responsivity to multiple cues 3. Self Mgmt (of interfering bx) 4. Self Initiated Social Interactions PRT vs DTT: - Answer -PRT focuses on pivotal areas of bx. -PRT uses naturalistic rx. -PRT uses child's interests & motivation to lead the therapy sx. -DTT focuses on individual target bx. -DTT often uses unrelated rx. -DTT often requires therapist to lead sx. Motivation in PRT - Answer Using tasks, objects, convo topics that are of interest to the child can increase his/her motivation to participate in their environment and learn new skills. 6 components of motivation in PRT - Answer 1. Encourage shared control (child choices) & turn taking 2. Gain & maximize child attn 3. Ensure task Variation 4. Intersperse Maintenance & acquisition tasks 5. Use contingent & natural rx 6. Vary rx magnitude & rx attempts Reinforcement in PRT - Answer Naturalistic & Contingent: Getting what they wanted by producing the desired bx. (asking for something and getting it.) Reinforce attempts, but not with same magnitude as successful trials. Self Initiated Interactions - Answer Asking, "what's that?" "Help!" "Look!" "Where is it?" "What's happening?" etc. Using Joint Attention- looking, pointing, labeling, commenting. Prompt Heirarchy for Fading - Answer FPP PPP VP MP GP PP ViP Natural Cue Inter-observer agreement - Answer Percentage of data agreement for an interval/ observation period. Measurements in frequency, duration, intervals Total count IOA - Answer smaller count/larger count*100% Used for event recording Mean-Count-per-Interval IOA - Answer (Int 1 IOA +Int 2 IOA + ....+Int N IOA)/N intervals x 100% For Frequency counts Exact Count per Interval IOA - Answer % total intervals both observers recorded same count