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Samenvatting Aardwetenschappen I
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Samenvatting cursus Aardwetenschappen I, hoofdstukken 1 t.e.m. 9.
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Aardwetenschappen IInhoud
Hoofdstuk 1. Ontstaan en inwendige structuur van de aarde................................................................5
1.1 Structuur van het heelal...............................................................................................................5
1.2 Ontstaan van het heelal: de Big Bang!..........................................................................................5
1.2.1 Wetenschappelijke theorievorming.......................................................................................5
1.2.2 Roodverschuiving...................................................................................................................5
1.2.3 Kosmische achtergrondstraling..............................................................................................5
1.2.4 Kosmische abudantie.............................................................................................................5
1.3 Ontstaan van het zonnestelsel en de Aarde.................................................................................5
1.4 Inwendige structuur van de Aarde...............................................................................................6
1.4.1 Informatie uit boringen en ontsluitingen...............................................................................6
1.1.2 Informatie uit seismische golven...........................................................................................6
1.4.3 Gelaagde opbouw..................................................................................................................7
1.4.3 De kern..................................................................................................................................7
1.4.5 De mantel..............................................................................................................................8
1.4.6 De korst.................................................................................................................................8
Hoofdstuk 2. Platentektoniek: de algemene verklarende theorie..........................................................9
2.2 Van controversiële hypothese tot revolutionaire theorie............................................................9
2.3 Plaatranden................................................................................................................................10
2.3.1 Divergente – constructieve plaatranden..............................................................................10
2.3.2 Convergente – destructieve plaatranden............................................................................10
2.3.3 Transforme plaatranden......................................................................................................11
2.3.4 Relaties met vulkanisme en aardbevingen..........................................................................11
2.4 Snelheid en geometrie van plaatbewegingen.............................................................................11
2.5 De grote reconstructie............................................................................................................11
2.6 Levensloop van oceanische en continentale platen...................................................................12
Hoofdstuk 3. Mineralen........................................................................................................................12
3.1 Kristalgeometrie.........................................................................................................................12
3.1.1 Idio-/allotriomorfie..............................................................................................................12
3.1.2 Kristalsymmetrie..................................................................................................................12
3.1.3 Kristalsystemen/symmetrie-stelsels....................................................................................12
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, 3.1.4 Kristalvorm en habitus.........................................................................................................13
3.2 Kristalchemie..............................................................................................................................14
3.2.1 Eenheidscel..........................................................................................................................14
3.2.2 Tralies van Bravais...............................................................................................................14
3.2.3 Bindingen in kristalroosters.................................................................................................14
3.2.4 Iso-, poly-, en pseudomorfie................................................................................................14
3.3 Fysische kenmerken van mineralen............................................................................................15
3.3.1 Kleur....................................................................................................................................15
3.3.2 Streep..................................................................................................................................15
3.3.3 Glans....................................................................................................................................15
3.3.4 Transparantie.......................................................................................................................15
3.3.5 kristalvorm (habitus)............................................................................................................15
3.3.6 dichtheid..............................................................................................................................15
3.3.7 hardheid..............................................................................................................................15
3.3.8 splijting................................................................................................................................15
3.3.9 elasticiteit, broosheid, smeerbaarheid................................................................................15
3.3.10 radioactiviteit, magnetisme, smaak...................................................................................16
3.4 Systematische mineralogie.........................................................................................................16
3.4.1 Nesosilikaten.......................................................................................................................16
3.4.2 Sorosilikaten........................................................................................................................16
3.4.3 Cyclosilikaten.......................................................................................................................16
3.4.4 Ionosilikaten........................................................................................................................16
3.4.5 Fyllosilikaten........................................................................................................................17
3.4.6 Tektosylicaten......................................................................................................................17
Hoofdstuk 4. Magmatische gesteenten................................................................................................17
4.1 Indeling magmatische gesteenten..............................................................................................17
4.1.1 Op basis van textuur en mineralogie...................................................................................17
4.1.2 Classificatie van Streckeisen................................................................................................18
4.1.3 Pyroklastische gesteenten (efflata of tephra)......................................................................19
4.2 Vorming van magma...................................................................................................................19
4.2.1 Hoe smelten gesteenten......................................................................................................19
4.2.2 Waar smelten gesteenten....................................................................................................19
4.2.3 Vorming magmakamers.......................................................................................................19
4.3 Kristallisatie van magma.............................................................................................................19
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, 4.3.1 Continue reactiereeks..........................................................................................................19
4.3.2 Discontinue reactiereeks.....................................................................................................19
4.3.3 Reactiereeks bowen.............................................................................................................20
4.3.4 Magmatische differentiatie..................................................................................................20
Hoofdstuk 7. Vulkanisme en Plutonisme..............................................................................................20
7.1 Een catastrofaal voorbeeld.........................................................................................................20
7.2 Plaattektonische context............................................................................................................20
7.3 Vulkanisch materiaal...................................................................................................................21
7.3.1 Lava ( vloeibaar)...................................................................................................................21
7.3.2 Zure lava .............................................................................................................................21
7.3.3 Tephra (vast)........................................................................................................................21
7.3.4 Exhalatie (gas)......................................................................................................................22
7.4 Vulkaantypen..............................................................................................................................22
7.5 Plutonische intrusies...................................................................................................................23
Hoofdstuk 5. Sedimentaire gesteenten................................................................................................23
Wat vooraf ging................................................................................................................................23
5.1 Indeling sedimentaire gesteenten..............................................................................................24
5.1.2 Mineralogie, textuur, structuur ( kwarts – kleimineralen – calciet - … )..............................24
Indeling naargelang textuur (fijn – grof):......................................................................................24
5.1.3 Classificatie Klastische sedimentaire gesteenten.................................................................25
5.1.4 Classificatie (bio)chemische sedimentaire gesteenten........................................................25
5.1.5 Classificatie kaustobiolieten.................................................................................................25
5.2 Verwering...................................................................................................................................26
5.2.1 Fysische verwering...............................................................................................................26
5.2.2 Chemische verwering...........................................................................................................26
5.2.3 Invloed van klimaat..............................................................................................................27
5.3 Erosie, transport, sedimentatie..................................................................................................27
5.4 Diagenese...............................................................................................................................29
Hoofdstuk 8. Tektoniek........................................................................................................................29
8.1 Hoe vervormen gesteenten........................................................................................................29
8.2 Plooitektoniek.............................................................................................................................30
8.2.1 Veldobservatie van plooivormen.........................................................................................30
8.2.2 Onderdelen van een plooi...................................................................................................30
8.2.3 plooivormen........................................................................................................................30
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, 8.3 Breuktektoniek...........................................................................................................................31
8.3.1 Diaklazen.............................................................................................................................31
8.3.2 Breuken s.s. .........................................................................................................................31
8.4 Plaattektonische context............................................................................................................31
Hoofdstuk 6. Metamorfe gesteenten...................................................................................................32
6.1 Het begrip metamorfose............................................................................................................32
6.2 Indeling metamorfe gesteenten.................................................................................................32
6.2.1 Plaattektonische context.....................................................................................................32
6.2.2 Metamorfe faciës.................................................................................................................32
6.2.3 Plaattektonische context + Metamorfe faciës + oorspronkelijk gesteente..........................33
6.3 + 6.4 Vorming.............................................................................................................................33
Mineralogische (chemische) wijzigingen......................................................................................33
Textuurwijzigingen.......................................................................................................................33
Hoofdstuk 9. Stratigrafie en Geochronologie.......................................................................................34
9.1 Het tijdsbegrip in de geologie.....................................................................................................34
9.2 Stratigrafie..................................................................................................................................34
9.2.1 Basisprincipes......................................................................................................................34
9.2.2 Lithostratigrafie...................................................................................................................34
9.2.3 Biostratigrafie ↔ Paleontologie (= studie fossiele organismen).........................................34
9.2.4 Hiaten en diskordanties.......................................................................................................34
9.2.5 Ordenen van geologische processen in de tijd....................................................................35
9.2.6 Chronostratigrafie................................................................................................................35
9.3 Geochronologie..........................................................................................................................35
9.3.1 Basisprincipe: desintegratie van radioactieve isotopen.......................................................35
9.3.2 Radiometrische dateringsmethoden...................................................................................36
9.3.3 Splijtingssporen methode....................................................................................................36
9.3.4 14C methode.........................................................................................................................36
9.3.5 Niet-radiometrische dateringsmethoden............................................................................36
9.4 Een universele geologische tijdsschaal.......................................................................................36
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