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Samenvatting Rechtsvinding GESLAAGD
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Samenvatting van het vak Rechtsvinding, dit omvat de slides, lesnotities en bepaalde stukken uit de syllabus.
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RECHTSVINDINGINHOUDSOPGAVE
INLEIDING .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
3 SOORTEN VAKKEN ......................................................................................................................................................5
WAT IS RECHTSVINDING? ...............................................................................................................................................5
DEEL 1: TWEE PERSPECTIEVEN OP (JURIDISCHE) UITLEGGING ............................................................................. 6
TITEL 1: WAT IS (JURIDISCHE) UITLEGGING? .......................................................................................................................6
Hoofdstuk 1. Uitlegging: begripsomschrijving ....................................................................................................6
Uitlegging in het algemeen ............................................................................................................................................... 6
Concrete vormen van interpretatie .................................................................................................................................. 6
Semantische interpretatie............................................................................................................................................ 6
Pragmatische betekenis ............................................................................................................................................... 7
Waarom al die vormen van interpretatie?................................................................................................................... 9
Hoofdstuk 2. Juridische uitlegging: doel, voorwerp, methode en subject .........................................................10
Juridisch uitleggingsdoel ................................................................................................................................................. 10
Juridisch uitleggingsvoorwerp ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Juridische uitleggingsmethode ....................................................................................................................................... 11
Juridisch uitlegginssubject .............................................................................................................................................. 11
Twee soorten interpretatie ........................................................................................................................................ 12
Rollen van de rechter ................................................................................................................................................. 12
Drie personages ......................................................................................................................................................... 12
Niet-juridische factoren die de besluitvorming beïnvloeden ..................................................................................... 13
TITEL 2: TWEE VISIES EN DE AANTREKKINGSKRACHT VAN VOLLEDIG HETERONOME UITLEGGING ...................................................14
Hoofdstuk 1. Twee visies ...................................................................................................................................14
Positivistisch paradigma.................................................................................................................................................. 14
Ontologisch en epistemologisch uitgangspunt .......................................................................................................... 14
Axiologisch uitgangspunt ........................................................................................................................................... 15
Methodologisch uitgangspunt ................................................................................................................................... 15
Staatskundig uitgangspunt ......................................................................................................................................... 15
Constructivistisch paradigma .......................................................................................................................................... 15
Ontologisch en epistemologisch uitgangspunt .......................................................................................................... 15
Axiologisch uitgangspunt ........................................................................................................................................... 16
Methodologisch uitgangspunt ................................................................................................................................... 16
Staatskundig uitgangpunt .......................................................................................................................................... 17
Hoofdstuk 2. aantrekkingskracht van het syllogisme en volledig heteronome rechtsvinding...........................17
DEEL 2: UITLEGGING IN STAATSKUNDIG PERSPECTIEF....................................................................................... 18
TITEL 1: DRIE PIJLERS (DEMOCRATIE, RECHTSSTAAT EN MENSENRECHTEN) ..............................................................................18
Inleiding .............................................................................................................................................................18
Hoofdstuk 1. Democratie...................................................................................................................................18
Hoofdstuk 2. Rechtsstaat ..................................................................................................................................18
Hoofdstuk 3. Mensenrechten ............................................................................................................................18
TITEL 2: DRIE VISIES OP DE VERHOUDING TUSSEN DE STAATSMACHTEN ..................................................................................19
Hoofdstuk 1. Klassieke visie op Montesquieu ....................................................................................................19
Republiek ........................................................................................................................................................................ 19
Monarchie ....................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Despotisme ..................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Vormgeving scheiding der machten en machtsevenwicht ............................................................................................. 19
Samengevat .................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Hoofdstuk 2. Radicale visie van de Franse Revolutie .........................................................................................20
18e eeuwse problemen ................................................................................................................................................... 20
Droombeeld .................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Ontnuchterende werkelijkheid ....................................................................................................................................... 20
Hoofdstuk 3. Binaire visie van Hans Kelsen .......................................................................................................21
1
, Samengevat .................................................................................................................................................................... 21
TITEL 3: VERHOUDING TUSSEN WETGEVER EN RECHTER VANDAAG ........................................................................................22
Hoofdstuk 1. Democratie, rechtsstaat en mensenrechten in Polen...................................................................22
Hoofdstuk 2. macht en tegenmacht in België ...................................................................................................22
Rechterlijke controle als doembeeld .............................................................................................................................. 22
Rechterlijke permissiviteit............................................................................................................................................... 22
Rechterlijke controle als noodzaak ................................................................................................................................. 22
Grondwettigheidstoetsing in België................................................................................................................................ 23
DEEL 3: HET (ONMOGELIJKE) ONDERSCHEID TUSSEN RECHTSFEITEN EN RECHTSREGELS ................................... 24
TITEL 1: RELEVANTIE (EN NOODZAAK) VAN HET ONDERSCHEID .............................................................................................24
TITEL 2: HOE MOETEN RECHTSFEITEN EN RECHTSREGELS VAN ELKAAR WORDEN ONDERSCHEIDEN? ..............................................24
Hoofdstuk 1. positivistisch paradigma ..............................................................................................................24
Hoofdstuk 2. constructivistisch paradigma .......................................................................................................24
Drie begrippen ................................................................................................................................................................ 24
Feiten ......................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Rechtsfeiten ............................................................................................................................................................... 25
Rechtsregels ............................................................................................................................................................... 25
Oordeel in feite versus oordeel in rechte ....................................................................................................................... 25
DEEL 4: DE CONSTRUCTIE VAN RECHTSFEITEN .................................................................................................. 27
INLEIDING .................................................................................................................................................................27
TITEL 1: BELANGEN BEGRIJPEN ......................................................................................................................................27
Wat zijn belangen precies?................................................................................................................................27
Hoe handelen we ‘in het belang van’? ..............................................................................................................28
Hoe kunnen we belangen kennen?....................................................................................................................28
TITEL 2: GEBEURTENISSEN EN SITUATIES BEGRIJPEN ...........................................................................................................29
Stap 1: de bouwstenen van het verhaal ............................................................................................................29
Feitenvergaring ............................................................................................................................................................... 29
Feitenverwerking ............................................................................................................................................................ 29
Probleem bij feitenvergaring en -verwerking ................................................................................................................. 29
Stap 2: het brengen van het verhaal .................................................................................................................29
Theatermetafoor............................................................................................................................................................. 29
Actie versus omissie ........................................................................................................................................................ 30
Abstract versus concreet ................................................................................................................................................ 30
Brede versus enge timeframes ....................................................................................................................................... 30
Stap 3: waarheidsgetrouwheid van het verhaal................................................................................................31
Stap 4: juridische waarde van het verhaal ........................................................................................................31
DEEL 5: DE CONSTRUCTIE VAN RECHTSREGELS ................................................................................................. 32
INLEIDING .................................................................................................................................................................32
TITEL 1: UITLEGGINGSVOORWERP – BENADERING EN OVERZICHT ..........................................................................................32
Hoofdstuk 1. twee manieren om bouwstenen van rechtsregels te framen .......................................................32
Als rechtsbronnen ........................................................................................................................................................... 32
Rechtsbron als metafoor ............................................................................................................................................ 32
Soorten rechtsbronnen .............................................................................................................................................. 32
Vooronderstellingen .................................................................................................................................................. 33
Als rechtsknopen............................................................................................................................................................. 33
Alternatief metafoor .................................................................................................................................................. 33
Vooronderstellingen .................................................................................................................................................. 34
Geglobaliseerd perspectief ............................................................................................................................................. 34
Hoofdstuk 2. voornaamste gezaghebbende handelingen .................................................................................35
Inleiding .......................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Handelingen van wetgevende actoren ........................................................................................................................... 35
Wat is wetgeving? ...................................................................................................................................................... 35
Belang van wetgeving doorheen de tijd..................................................................................................................... 36
Wetgeving als gewild en gegroeid recht .................................................................................................................... 36
Werfkracht van handelingen van wetgevende actoren ............................................................................................. 37
Handelingen van uitvoerende actoren ........................................................................................................................... 37
2
, Wat is uitvoering? ...................................................................................................................................................... 37
Werfkracht? ............................................................................................................................................................... 37
Handelingen van rechtsprekende actoren ...................................................................................................................... 37
Wat is rechtspraak?.................................................................................................................................................... 37
Rechtspraak als gewild en gegroeid recht.................................................................................................................. 37
Werfkracht ................................................................................................................................................................. 38
Handelingen van rechtsgeleerde actoren ....................................................................................................................... 38
Wat is rechtsleer? ...................................................................................................................................................... 38
Taak van de rechtsleer ............................................................................................................................................... 39
Methode van de rechtsleer ........................................................................................................................................ 39
Werfkracht ................................................................................................................................................................. 40
Handelingen van andere private actoren ....................................................................................................................... 40
Wat zijn handelingen van (andere) private actoren................................................................................................... 40
handelingen van private actoren als gewild en gegroeid recht ................................................................................. 40
Werfkracht ................................................................................................................................................................. 41
TITEL 2: EXEGETISCHE VISIE OP DE CONSTRUCTIE VAN RECHTSREGELS .....................................................................................42
Hoofdstuk 1. uitleggingsdoel en -voorwerp ......................................................................................................42
Hoofdstuk 2. uitleggingsmethode .....................................................................................................................42
Hoe betekenis hechten aan interpretandum? ................................................................................................................ 42
Taalkundige argumenten ................................................................................................................................................ 42
Letterlijke betekenis ................................................................................................................................................... 42
Technische betekenis ................................................................................................................................................. 42
Gebruikelijke betekenis.............................................................................................................................................. 42
Systematische argumenten............................................................................................................................................. 43
Uitgangspunt en redeneerstijl.................................................................................................................................... 43
Systematische consistentie ........................................................................................................................................ 43
formele contextuele harmonisatie............................................................................................................................. 43
Zuinigheid van het systeem........................................................................................................................................ 44
Wetshistorische argumenten.......................................................................................................................................... 44
Hoofdstuk 3. afstemmingsmethode ..................................................................................................................44
Hoofdstuk 4. verhouding uitleggings- en afstemmingsmethode ......................................................................44
TITEL 3: ONTHULLENDE KRITIEK .....................................................................................................................................45
Hoofdstuk 1. kritiek op uitleggingsdoel en -voorwerp.......................................................................................45
Wat is de ‘wil van de wetgever’ en hoe kunnen we die kennen? ................................................................................... 45
het voorwerp van de wil: de wil om… ........................................................................................................................ 45
het subject van de wil: de wil van… ........................................................................................................................... 45
Onterechte exclusieve focus op de subjectieve en historische wetgever ...................................................................... 45
Van subjectieve naar objectieve wetgever ................................................................................................................ 45
Van historische naar actuele wetgever ...................................................................................................................... 46
Gevolgen voor gebruikte argumenten ....................................................................................................................... 46
Onterecht exclusieve focus op wetgever ........................................................................................................................ 46
Hoofdstuk 2. kritiek op uitleggingsmethode .....................................................................................................47
Kritiek op de waarde van taalkundige argumenten ........................................................................................................ 47
Kritiek op de waarde van systematische argumenten .................................................................................................... 47
Kritiek op de waarde van wetshistorische argumenten ................................................................................................. 47
Hoofdstuk 3. kritiek op afstemmingsmethode ..................................................................................................47
TITEL 4: ONTHULLENDE VISIE OP DE CONSTRUCTIE VAN RECHTSREGELS ..................................................................................48
Hoofdstuk 1. uitleggingsdoel en -voorwerp ......................................................................................................48
Hoofdstuk 2. uitleggingsmethode .....................................................................................................................48
Zevental soorten argumenten ........................................................................................................................................ 48
Taalkundige argumenten ........................................................................................................................................... 48
Systematische argumenten ........................................................................................................................................ 48
Historische argumenten ............................................................................................................................................. 50
Teleologische argumenten ......................................................................................................................................... 50
Waardengeoriënteerde argumenten ......................................................................................................................... 51
Gevolgengeoriënteerde argumenten......................................................................................................................... 51
Anticipatieve argumenten.......................................................................................................................................... 52
Afstemming van soorten argumenten ............................................................................................................................ 52
Hamvraag ................................................................................................................................................................... 52
het (teleurstellende) antwoord .................................................................................................................................. 52
3
, Waarom dit antwoord? .............................................................................................................................................. 52
Hoe moet het nu verder? ........................................................................................................................................... 53
Oorzaak van chaos in de orde: uiteenlopende waarden............................................................................................ 53
Wat betekent dit nu voor interpretatieve argumenten? ........................................................................................... 55
Hoofdstuk 3. afstemmingsmethode ..................................................................................................................55
Vermijden van antinomieën: conforme uitlegging ......................................................................................................... 55
Verzoenende uitlegging ............................................................................................................................................. 55
Inperkende uitlegging ................................................................................................................................................ 56
Verruimende uitlegging ............................................................................................................................................. 56
Verhelpen van antinomieën............................................................................................................................................ 56
BESLUIT ............................................................................................................................................................ 57
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