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Volledige samenvatting (BOEK + AANTEKENINGEN): Onderwijs en Diversiteit

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Dit is mijn volledige samenvatting voor het vak: Onderwijs en Diversiteit. Bestaande uit het boek, aantekeningen van de les en de gastcolleges. Met deze samenvatting haalde ik een 18/20 (voor het examen baseerde ik mij enkel op deze samenvatting).

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  • August 6, 2023
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Onderwijs en diversiteit



INLEIDING ............................................................................................................................................................... 5

1 WAAR GAAT HET OVER - BEGRIPPEN ABAKENEN ............................................................................................... 5

1.1 TWEE GEKLEURDE KLASFOTO’S ............................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 ETNICITEIT ......................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2.1 AUTOCHTONEN ........................................................................................................................................................ 5
1.3 AFKOMST OP BASIS VAN … .................................................................................................................................... 5
1.4 AFBAKENEN O.B.V. UITERLIJKE KENMERKEN, LAND VAN HERKOMST EN RELIGIE ................................................................. 6
1.4.1 ETNICITEIT O.B.V. NATIONALE/ REGIONALE ORIGINE .................................................................................................... 6
1.4.1.1 De migratiegolven in vorige eeuw om de huidige demografische kaart te begrijpen ..................................... 6
1.4.1.2 Indicatoren nationale origine ........................................................................................................................... 6
1.4.2 ETNICITEIT O.B.V. MOEDERTAAL ................................................................................................................................. 6
1.4.2.1 Etnolinguïstische groepen ................................................................................................................................ 6
1.4.2.2 Term anderstalig .............................................................................................................................................. 6
1.4.2.3 Indicator etniciteit ............................................................................................................................................ 6
1.4.3 ETNICITEIT O.B.V. RELIGIE .......................................................................................................................................... 7
1.4.4 ETNICITEIT O.B.V. RAS ............................................................................................................................................... 7
1.4.4.1 Termen wit en blank......................................................................................................................................... 7
1.4.5 TERMINOLOGIE VOOR DE VERSCHILLENDE DIMENSIES VAN ETNICITEIT ................................................................................ 7
1.5 WAT MET (MULTI)CULTUUR? ................................................................................................................................. 7
1.5.1 RELATIE ETNICITEIT EN CULTUUR (O.B.V. DEFINITIE CULTUUR) ........................................................................................... 7
1.6 WAT IS IDENTITEIT? ............................................................................................................................................ 8

2 DE STRUCTUREN VAN UITSLUITING: HET RAD VAN ONGELIJKHEID .................................................................... 8

2.1 KLASFOTO UIT HET WITTE COLLEGE .......................................................................................................................... 8
2.2 ONGELIJKHEID VAN SCHOOLPRESTATIES ................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 DATABRONNEN WAARMEE WE DE BESTAANDE ETNISCHE ONGELIJKHEDEN KUNNEN ILLUSTREREN ........................................... 8
2.3 KIJKEN NAAR SOCIAAL ECONOMISCHE STATUS............................................................................................................ 9
2.4 KWALITEITSDALING ............................................................................................................................................. 9
2.5 SEGREGATIE ...................................................................................................................................................... 9
2.5.1 OPGELEGDE SEGREGATIE ........................................................................................................................................... 9
2.5.2 SPONTANE SEGREGATIE ............................................................................................................................................. 9
2.5.3 VRIJWILLIGE SEGREGATIE = VRIJWILLIGE SEPARATIE ...................................................................................................... 10
2.5.4 SAMENVATTING ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
2.6 STEREOTYPEN .................................................................................................................................................. 10
2.7 VOOROORDELEN .............................................................................................................................................. 10
2.7.1 VOORKEUREN EN KINDEREN: .................................................................................................................................... 11
2.7.2 2 SOORTEN ........................................................................................................................................................ 11
2.7.3 ONDERWIJSCONTEXT: EXPLICIETE EN IMPLICIETE VOOROORDELEN ................................................................................... 11
2.7.3.1 Onderzoek vooroordelen leerkrachten (NL): ................................................................................................. 11
2.8 (LAGE) VERWACHTINGEN ................................................................................................................................... 11
2.8.1 SELFFULFILLING PROPHECY = ZELFVERVULLENDEE VOORSPELLING.................................................................................... 11

Malika Desruelle 1

, Onderwijs en diversiteit
2.9 DISCRIMINATIE................................................................................................................................................. 12
2.9.1 ETNISCHE DISCRIMINATIE ......................................................................................................................................... 12
2.9.1.1 Onderzoek etnische discriminatie in onderwijs ............................................................................................. 12
2.10 RACISME....................................................................................................................................................... 12
2.10.1 HET POLITIEK IDEOLOGISCH SYSTEEM VAN RACISME .................................................................................................... 13
2.10.2 VERDELING MACHT IN HET ONDERWIJS .................................................................................................................... 13
2.10.3 LINK RACISME MET NEGATIEVE STEREOTYPE, VOOROORDELEN EN LAGE VERWACHTIGEN ................................................... 13
2.10.3.1 Eerste link ..................................................................................................................................................... 13
2.10.3.2 Tweede link .................................................................................................................................................. 13
2.11 CONCLUSIE: HET RAD VAN ONGELIJKEHEID ............................................................................................................ 13

3 CULTUUR EN GEMEENSCHAP: HET STUURWIEL VAN EMANCIPATIE ................................................................. 14

3.1 ONGELIJKHEID: TWEEE SOORTEN VERKLARINGEN ...................................................................................................... 14
3.1.1 DE DEFICITVERLARING ............................................................................................................................................. 14
3.1.1.1 Economisch deficitdenken ............................................................................................................................. 14
3.1.1.2 Biologisch deficitdenken ................................................................................................................................ 14
3.1.1.3 Cultureel deficitdenken .................................................................................................................................. 14
3.1.1.4 Kritiek op het deficitdenken ........................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.2 SYSTEMATISCHE VERKLARINGEN ................................................................................................................................ 14
3.1.2.1 Kritiek op systemische verklaringen ............................................................................................................... 15
3.1.3 PIERRE BOURDIEU: CULTURELE REPRODUCTIETHEORIE .................................................................................................. 15
3.2 INTELIGENTIE VEROOORZAAKT LAGERE PRESTATIES ................................................................................................... 15
3.2.1 KRITIEK OP VALIDITEIT IQ......................................................................................................................................... 16
3.2.2 KRITIEK OP IQ ALS VOORSPELLER SCHOOLPRESTATIE ........................................................................................... 16
3.3 ACHTERSTAND VEROORZAAKT LAGERE PRESTATIES ................................................................................................... 16
3.3.1 ARGUMENTEN FOUTE HYPOTHESE ............................................................................................................................. 16
3.3.2 TAALONTWIKKELING EN SES .................................................................................................................................... 17
3.3.3 TAALONTWIKKELING BIJ MEERTALIGE LEERLINGEN ........................................................................................................ 17
3.3.4 VOORDELEN VAN MEERTALIGHEID JIM CUMMINS ..................................................................................................... 17
3.4 ROL VAN RELGIE................................................................................................................................................ 17
3.4.1 IN BELGIË EN NEDERLAND HEEFT RELGIE EEN SPECIALE ROL IN HET ONDERWIJS................................................................... 18
3.4.2 VISIE OVER RELIGIE IN HET ONDERWIJS ....................................................................................................................... 18

3.4.3 WAT IS RELIGIOSITEIT? ............................................................................................................................................ 18
3.4.4 RELIGIOSITEIT EN ONDERWIJSINKOMSTEN ................................................................................................................... 18
3.4.4.1 Oorzaak samenhang ....................................................................................................................................... 18
3.4.5 RELIGIEUZE SCHOLEN EN ONDERWIJSUITKOMSTEN ......................................................................................... 19
3.4.5.1 Oorzaak positieve effecten religieuze scholen? ............................................................................................. 19
3.4.5.2 3 bedenkingen bij common school theorie ................................................................................................... 19
3.4.6 ZIJN ISLAMITISCHE SCHOLEN WENSELIJK? ................................................................. FOUT! BLADWIJZER NIET GEDEFINIEERD.
3.4.7 SLAMTISCHE SCHOLEN ............................................................................................................................................. 19


4 INSTITUTIES VOOR VERANDERING: BELEID, SCHOOL EN GEZIN ........................................................................ 20

4.1 TERUG OP HET RECHTE PAD: 3 INSTITUTIONELE ACTOREN ........................................................................................... 20

Malika Desruelle 2

, Onderwijs en diversiteit
4.2 ONDERWIJSBELEID: GELIJKE STARTKANSEN OF GELIJKE UITKOMSTEN ............................................................................. 20
4.2.1 MERITOCRATIE: GELIJKE STARTKANSEN ............................................................................................................. 20
4.3 SCHOOLBELEID: OMGAAN MET ETNISCHE DIVERSITEIT ............................................................................................... 21
4.3.1 ASSIMILATIEAANPAK: TERUGDRINGEN VAN ETNISCHE VERSCHILLEN ................................................................................. 21
4.3.2 KLEURENBLINDE AANPAK: ETNISCHE VERSCHLLEN NEGEREN............................................................................................ 21
4.3.2.1 2 versies van kleurenblindheid ....................................................................................................................... 21
4.3.2.2 Zijn kinderen kleurenblind? ............................................................................................................................ 21
4.3.3 PLURALISME: MULTICULTURALISME EN INTERCULTURALISME ......................................................................................... 22
4.3.3.1 2 soorten ........................................................................................................................................................ 22
4.3.3.2 Kritiek op pluralisme ...................................................................................................................................... 22
4.3.3.3 Antiracistisch onderwijs ................................................................................................................................. 22
4.4 PLURALISME IN DE SCHOOLPRAKTIJK ..................................................................................................................... 22
4.4.1 JAMES BANKS: 5 DIMENSIES VOOR MULTICULTUREEL ONDERWIS .................................................................................... 22
4.4.1.1 Dimensie 1: integreren van diverse inhouden ............................................................................................... 22
4.4.1.2 Dimensie 2: kennisconstructie toelichten ...................................................................................................... 23
4.4.1.3 Dimensie 3: vooroordelen terugdringen ........................................................................................................ 23
4.4.1.4 Dimensie 4: streven naar een pedagogie van gelijkheid ................................................................................ 23
4.4.1.5 Dimensie 5: empoweren van schoolcultuur ................................................................................................... 24
4.4.2 4 NIVEAUS VAN BENADERING VAN CULTURELE DIVERSITEIT ............................................................................................ 24
4.4.2.1 Benadering 1: De contributiebenadering ....................................................................................................... 24
4.4.2.2 Benadering 2: De additieve benadering ......................................................................................................... 24
4.4.2.3 Benadering 3: De transformatie benadering .................................................................................................. 24
4.4.2.4 Benadering 4: De sociale actiebenadering ..................................................................................................... 25
4.5 TAALONTWIKKELING BINNEN HET GEZIN EN DE SCHOOL ............................................................................................ 25
4.5.1 TAALONTWIKKELING: EEN CYCLUS (VEEREENVOUDIGDE VERSIE) ...................................................................................... 25
4.5.2 INPUT DOOR ANDEREN: STIMULEREN TAALVAARDIGHEID ............................................................................................... 25
4.5.2.1 Activiteiten om op een vroege leeftijd de geletterheid van het kind te bevorderen. .................................... 25
4.5.2.2 Hoe vroeg beginnen met geletterdheid? ....................................................................................................... 25
4.5.3 FEEDBACK ............................................................................................................................................................. 26
4.5.3.1 Op spreken ..................................................................................................................................................... 26
4.5.3.2 Op schrijven .................................................................................................................................................... 26
4.6 SCHOOLTAALBELEID .......................................................................................................................................... 26
4.6.1 MAATSCHAPPELIJKE VERANDERINGEN è INSTRUCTIETAAL ........................................................................................... 26
4.6.2 OMGANG MET MEERTALIGE DIVERSITEIT (3MANIEREN) ................................................................................................. 27
4.6.2.1 Talige diversiteit proberen terugdringen ofwel taalassimilatie...................................................................... 27
4.6.2.2 Talige diversiteit negeren ofwel taal laisser faire ........................................................................................... 27
4.6.2.3 Talige diversiteit waarderen of meertalig leren è 3 benaderingen .............................................................. 27
4.6.2.3.1 Klassiek meertalig onderwijs ....................................................................................................................... 27
4.6.2.3.2 Technologisch ondersteund meertalig onderwijs, ....................................................................................... 28
4.6.2.3.3 Meertalig leren en talensensibilisering........................................................................................................ 28
4.7 GEZINDSTAALBELEID: MEERTALIG OPVOEDEN .......................................................................................................... 29
4.7.1 OPOL .................................................................................................................................................................. 29
4.7.2 MIXEN ................................................................................................................................................................ 29
4.7.3 MOEDERTAAL + MIXEN .......................................................................................................................................... 29

4.7.4 NL+ MIXEN ......................................................................................................................................................... 29
4.7.5 ENKEL MT........................................................................................................................................................... 30



Malika Desruelle 3

, Onderwijs en diversiteit
5 GASTCOLLEGE MIEKE VAN HOUTTE ................................................................................................................. 30

5.1 GENDERVESCHILLEN VOLGENS ANALYSES ................................................................................................................ 30
5.2 MOGELIJKE OORZAKEN VOOR GENDERVERSCHILLEN .................................................................................................. 30
5.3 BIOLOGISCHE VERKLARING è FOUTE VERLARING ................................................................................................... 30
5.4 SOCIOLOGISCHE VERKLARING è GENDERKLOOF IN PRESTATIES ........................................................................... 31
5.4.1 JONGENS ZIJN MEER VATBAAR VOOR PEER-PRESSURE.................................................................................................... 31
5.4.2 GENDER SPECIFIEKE CULTUREN ................................................................................................................................. 31
5.4.3 ATTITUDES NAAR GESLACHT ..................................................................................................................................... 31
5.4.4 STRATEGIEËN DIE DOOR JONGENS EN MEISJES WORDEN GEHANTEERD ............................................................................. 32
5.5 ONDERZOEK WANNEER PROPORTIE MEISJES STIJGT IN KLAS ........................................................................................ 32
5.6 HOUDING LEERKRACHTEN ................................................................................................................................... 32
5.7 WAT ZIJN MOGELIJKE GEVOLGEN VOOR WAT ER NA HET SECUNDIAR GEBEURT ................................................................ 32
5.8 TOL DIE MEISJES BETALEN VOOR HARD WERKEN ....................................................................................................... 33


6 GASTCOLLEGE BART DURIEZ ............................................................................................................................ 33

6.1 PERSPECTIEVEN OP DIVERSITEIT ............................................................................................................................ 33
6.2 3 MANIEREN MET DIVERSITEIT ............................................................................................................................. 34
6.2.1 VIA INHOUDEN: CURRICULUM, LEERDOELEN, VAKINHOUDEN.......................................................................................... 34
6.2.2 VIA DIDACTIEK ....................................................................................................................................................... 34
6.2.3 VIA HOUDING DIE DOCENTEN AANNEMEN................................................................................................................... 34
6.3 TERM DIVERSITEIT ............................................................................................................................................. 35
6.4 HET ONDERZOEK .............................................................................................................................................. 35
6.4.1 STUDIE 1: BINNEN LERARENOPLEIDING ....................................................................................................................... 35
6.4.1.1 Interventie 1: Onthaal .................................................................................................................................... 35
6.4.1.2 Vak 1 ............................................................................................................................................................... 35
6.4.1.3 Vak 2 ............................................................................................................................................................... 36
6.4.1.4 Resultaten algemeen ...................................................................................................................................... 36
6.4.2 STUDIE 2: AUTOTECHNOLOGIE.................................................................................................................................. 36
6.4.3 STUDIE 3: BINNEN MULTIMEDIA EN CREATIEVE TECHNOLOGIE ........................................................................................ 37
6.4.4 STUDIE 4: BEELDENDE KUNSTEN................................................................................................................................ 38
6.5 AANBEVELINGEN .............................................................................................................................................. 39




Malika Desruelle 4

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