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MMSC 409 Exam 2 Questions With 100% Correct Answers 2023
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MMSC 409 Exam 2 Questions With 100% Correct Answers 2023
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MMSC 409 Exam 2 Questions With 100% Correct Answers 2023Compare the antibody discovered by Landsteiner and Weiner with the antibody discovered by Levine and Stetson around 1940. - Correct Answer-Levine and Stetson- discovered Rh blood group, mother gave birth to a stillborn, mother began to hemorrhage, father and mother same ABO group, gave mother blood from father-> reaction
Landsteiner/Weiner- discovered D antigen when antibody was created in Rhesus monkey when exposed to human red cells- 85% human cells were agglutinated
State the five major antigens in the Rh blood group system and their anti-thetical alleles.
- Correct Answer-D antigen- no true antithetical allele (D-amorph denotes absence of D)
C antigen- c is antithetical allele
E antigen- e is antithetical allele
Explain the "d antigen". - Correct Answer-Rh is a misnomer- used to describe the red cell D antigen
Positive is presence of D antigen ~80%
Negative is absence of D antigen ~15%
d is an amorph (no detectable antigen)- no anti-D antibody
Explain the Fisher-Race theory (DCE nomenclature) of inheritance of Rh blood group system. - Correct Answer-3 closely linked sets of allelic genes- Dd, Cc, Ee
Move as a unit have one or the other codominant
d is lack of D
What are the eight combinations of the antigens for Fisher-Race? - Correct Answer-Dce
DCE
DcE
DCe
dce
dCE
dcE
dCe
cde/cde antibodies - Correct Answer-anti-D, anti-C, anti-E
Define phenotyping. - Correct Answer-identification of antigens
cannot always determine genotype- molecular testing determine this
the following used: anti-D, anti-C, anti-c, anti-E, anti-e Explain the Weiner theory of inheritance of the Rh blood group system. - Correct Answer-1 gene results in production of agglutinogen which is composed of blood factors
current loci theory: two loci; Rh genes are located on chromosome 1 and very closely linked:
loci 1 encodes presence/absence of D loci 2 encodes presence/absence of Ce, cE, ce, or CE
Discuss Rosenfield's influence on the Rh nomenclature. - Correct Answer-system indicates the presence or absence of antigen on the cell; provides a straightforward description of cell phenotype
minus sign= absence of antigen
if not typed for, it should not appear in the sequence
Justify why the D antigen is the most important antigen next to the ABO blood group system. - Correct Answer-most immunogenic- upon exposure to D antigen through transfusion or pregnancy, 80-90% D neg will make anti-D
present on RBC before birth-prior to RhIg it was the most frequent cause of HDFN (mom make anti-D antibody and can hurt baby if it has antigen)
Discuss the importance of antigen frequencies when searching for compatible blood for a patient with an antibody. - Correct Answer-ID of antigens cannot always determine genotype (D doesnt have a partner-so you dont know if they are Dd or DD
Explain weak D variant - Correct Answer-decreased quantities of the D antigen, so they do NOT test as D-positive with routine immediate spin testing, instead, positive reaction is only seen at the "AHG phase"
Differentiate among the 3 theories of the weak D variant - Correct Answer-1. inherited- weakened expression of D
2. CD transposition- still complete D (in both of these cases the C allele is in the trans position in relation to the D allele.) 3. Partial D- missing piece of D and can make an antibody
Given a weak D variant theory, determine if transfused weak D red blood cells into a D negative recipient would stimulate anti-D production - Correct Answer-it depends on the cause of the weak D- transpositional effect, no, this individual will not make an anti-D if transfused D pos blood because they have complete D antigen. Same for inherited weak D- complete antigen. The individual who types weak D because they are missing part of the D antigen if transfused D pos blood CAN make an antibody against the piece
that is missing.
Given a weak D variant theory, determine if transfused D positive red blood cells into a weak D recipient would stimulate anti-D production - Correct Answer-If transfused D positive RBCs go into a weak D recipient, this would stimulate anti-D production?? Explain the conservative approach to labeling weak D positive donor blood and transfusing weak D positive recipients. - Correct Answer-weak D positive testing results on donor units- label units as Rh positive
Explain the need for a protein-based manufacturer's reagent when testing (phenotyping)
for the presence or absence of the D antigen. - Correct Answer-High protein- requires D
control (controlling for agglutination to any human sera)
Low protein- only need D control (albumin/saline) if the person forward types as ABPOS
D antigen frequency - Correct Answer-85%
C antigen frequency - Correct Answer-70%
c antigen frequency - Correct Answer-80%
E antigen frequency - Correct Answer-30%
e antigen frequency - Correct Answer-98%
DCe/DCe antibodies - Correct Answer-anti-c, anti-E
cDE/cDe antibodies - Correct Answer-anti-C
DCe/dce antibodies - Correct Answer-anti-E
DcE/dCE antibodies - Correct Answer-anti-e
Cde/cdE antibodies - Correct Answer-anti-D
cdE/cdE antibodies - Correct Answer-anti-C, anti-D, anti-e
DCe/DCE - Correct Answer-anti-c
What blood phenotyping reagents are readily available? - Correct Answer-anti-D
anti-C
anti-c
anti-E
anti-e
R1R1 in fisher-race - Correct Answer-DCe/DCe
rr in fisher-race - Correct Answer-cde/cde- no D antigen, no C antigen
R2Ro in fisher-race - Correct Answer-cDE/cDe
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