100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Lecture notes Group Dynamics (excl. 2, 12, 13) $8.01
Add to cart

Class notes

Lecture notes Group Dynamics (excl. 2, 12, 13)

 2 views  0 purchase
  • Course
  • Institution

Lecture notes Group Dynamics (excl. 2, 12, 13) (year 2)

Preview 3 out of 22  pages

  • August 7, 2023
  • 22
  • 2021/2022
  • Class notes
  • /
  • Excluding lecture 2, 12, 13
avatar-seller
Lecture notes
Lecture 1
Social brain theory: human beings have larger brains due to complex social behaviour

3 themes:
 Humans don’t know everything -> ‘cognitive misers’ (limited mental capacity)
 Humans are efficient and well-organised info processors
 Cognitions and affect are intrinsically connected

Tversky & Kahneman: our mental toolbox
 Heuristics:
- Representativeness heuristic: how much does it look like what you know?
- Availability heuristic: how available is the info in your memory?
- Anchoring: what is your point of reference?
 Schemas: Mental framework that organises social info and guides our perceptions
and actions
 Automaticity: controlled vs. automatic thinking
 Negativity bias and hope for good:
- Bad is stronger than good
- Optimistic bias: tendency to overlook risks and expect positive outcomes
- Planning fallacy: tendency to think that tasks take up less time than they actually
do
 Regret: action vs. inaction
 Affect and cognition: we are more likely to remember or store positive info in
positive mood (same for negative). Perception based on our feelings (it feels bad -> it
is bad)

Priming and perseverance effect: activated schemas persist even in the face of inconsistent
knowledge

Lecture 2: Social perception
Social perception = how we perceive others
Facial feedback theory: muscles strengthening our feelings

Basic channels
 Facial expressions: six basic/universal emotions (anger, fear, disgust, surprise,
sadness and happiness).
 Gazes and stares: advanced gaze detection system in vision cortex
 Body language
 Touch

Smiling:
 Lower punishment
 Higher tips
 More likely to get a job

,Attributions
 Correspondence bias (fundamental attribution error): contribute behaviour to
internal causes. Causes: salience person vs. situation, limited perspective on situation
and cognitive capacity
 Actor/observer bias: matter of choice
 Self-serving bias: attribute success internally and failure externally
 Theory Kelley: consensus (among people), consistency (similar situations) and
distinctiveness (different situations)

Impression formation and management
How do we integrate info to form a first impression?
 Evaluations often made quickly with little info: goodness/badness of person, like or
dislike person, central traits (traits highly associated with other characteristics
 Implicit personality theory: person kind? Other traits also positive
 Two conditions: warm and cold conditions
 Negativity effect: we pay more attention to negative traits of person when forming
impressions, but positive bias -> we are more likely to express positive evaluations of
people, than negative
 Self-handicapping vs. sucking up

Lecture 3
Theme 1
How well do you know yourself?
 Intentions vs behaviour: self-other discrepancy
 Self vs others: what is correct?

How to know yourself?
 Introspection: conscious access. Problem: we don’t always have conscious access to
our motivations (why we do things)
 Affective forecasting bias: overprojection of current feelings + failure to consider
context
 Social comparison: judging ourselves in comparison to others (when we don’t know
how to see ourselves). With whom depends on your goals -> for accurate self-image:
similar others, self-enhancement: downward comparisons, what can we strive for?:
upward comparison

How do you define yourself?
A) Physical: female, age
B) Social: nationality, political preference
C) Psychological: shy, outgoing
D) Holistic: human being

Cultural differences:
 Interdependent self-view: relationship to others -> non-western self-view
 Independent self-view: internal thoughts -> western self-view

, Age differences:
 Young people define more personality traits
 Older people more social/collective

Gender differences:
 Women: close relationships
 Men: memberships in large groups

Social identity theory: self-perception mostly determined by context (depends on situation)
Centrality: also matters a lot -> sexual orientation and religion

Which part of your identity is salient?
 Context
 Comparison
 Centrality

Feeling good about ourselves
 Disapproval by others
 Self-esteem
 Cutting off reflected failure

Stereotype threat
 Hard to cut off reflected failure when being part of that group
 People perform worse: fear to confirm stereotype, bad performance, negative
stereotype

Theme 2
When is a group a group? 2 or more people who interact with each other and have a
common goal of fulfil a need together

Why join groups? Evolutionary explanations

Why work in groups? Task goals (knowledge/info) + social goals (need to belong)

Joining groups: initiation rites

Groups: key components
 Status: hierarchy (physical characteristics, behaviour and seniority)
 Roles: formal (agreed upon) and informal roles (behaviour)
 Norms: group norms -> shared expectations about specific group members’
behaviours +
 Cohesiveness: forces that cause members to stay in the group. Effects high
cohesiveness -> high participation rate in activities

Cooperation and conflict

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller fiorafleur. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $8.01. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

52510 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$8.01
  • (0)
Add to cart
Added