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Summary of the Grand Challenges in Biology module (LIFE105) [1st year 1st semester]
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This document provides a short summary of the LIFE105 module for the whole semester and proves useful for exam revisions.
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105 Black Death pandemic was caused by Yersinia pestis
Spread due to crowding and poor sanitation
Spanish influenza caused by a virus
There are two types of HIV: HIV I and HIV II
HIV I came from chimpanzees. Caused by blood transfer by eating bush
meat
HIV II came from monkeys too
SARS virus came from birds to humans. It transferred much more easily.
MERS spread from camels. It happened after SARS covid 2 but after SARS
1. It caused some diseases in camels and then was transferred to humans.
E. coli; one of the first food-borne pathogens. Found in the gut and is of
importance. Bacteriophages are viruses and are capable of infecting toxins
and when they come across E.coli, they give the Shiga toxin to E. coli.
Instead of killing it, it incorporates its genome into the bacteria. Before 1892,
this deadly E.coli wasn’t found/reported. It was discovered in 1892 in
Michigan; a deadly E. coli that caused bloody diarrhoea
Legionella pneumonia: Causes pneumonia Found in streams and is suited to
live in amoeba so it’s designed to live in water.
Ageing: Progressive increase in the probability of death with increasing age.
BIONIC EYE
Choroid: the second layer of the eye acts as a transport medium for waste
products, nutrients and oxygen
Glaucoma: damage to the optic nerve caused by the build-up of pressure.
Diabetic retinopathy: causes more blood vessels which block light from
reaching the retina.
Age-related macular degeneration:
Retina pigment epithelium acts like a protector of the retina as it absorbs
excess light and controls what comes in and out id the eye. It is pigmented
which gives the retina its colour. It also recycles the nutrients used by the
eye. If this doesn’t function parts of the retina die.
During AMD fatty deposits called drusen form in the retinal pigment
epithelium.
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