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Hedendaagse Sociologische Theorie
Inhoud
Inleiding..................................................................................................................................................1
1. Wat is theorie?...................................................................................................................................2
1.1 Theorie?........................................................................................................................................2
1.2 Hoe komt theorie tot stand?........................................................................................................3
1.3 Theorieën worden zowel gevormd door ‘empirische observaties’ als door algemene
verondertstellingen............................................................................................................................3
1.4 Theorie en onderzoek: het praktische ‘nut’ van theorie ?............................................................4
1.4.1 Heuristiek...............................................................................................................................4
1.4.2 Kadering of framing...............................................................................................................5
1.4.3 Systematisering......................................................................................................................6
1.5 Sociologische theorieën steunen zelf op een aantal basisassumpties..........................................6
2. Sociologische theorie..........................................................................................................................7
2.1 algemene versus specifieke theorie..............................................................................................8
2.2 Sociologische theorie of sociale theorie.......................................................................................8
2.3 hoofdvragen van de sociologie.....................................................................................................8
3. Handelingstheorie............................................................................................................................10
4. ‘symbolisch interactionisme’ (herbert blumer, 1937).......................................................................10
4.1 historische context en voorlopers..............................................................................................10
4.1.1 Max Weber..........................................................................................................................11
4.1.2 Chicago school (1918-1940).................................................................................................11
4.1.3 george herbert mead (1863-1920)......................................................................................12
4.2 herbert blumer’s formulering van het ‘symbolisch interactionisme’..........................................12
4.2.1 drie veronderstellingen........................................................................................................12
4.2.2 focus op sumbolisering (indicaties) en betekenisgeving (interpretaties) binnen situationele
interacties.....................................................................................................................................13
4.2.3 ‘fitting together’: het afstemmen van handelingslijnen en interpretaties...........................13
4.2.4 Sociale structuur?................................................................................................................14
4.3 Kritiek op symbolisch interactionisme (Howard Becker)............................................................15
4.3.1 becker over ‘labeling’ van afwijkend gedrag........................................................................15
, 4.4 erving goffman (1922-1982).......................................................................................................16
4.4.1 ‘the interaction order’.........................................................................................................16
4.4.2 dramaturgie: de wereld als een schouwspel........................................................................16
4.4.3 zelfpresentatie.....................................................................................................................17
4.4.4 impression management: ensceneren van indrukken.........................................................18
4.4.5 frontstage/backstage...........................................................................................................18
4.4.6 civil inattention (goffman)....................................................................................................19
4.4.7 codes en rituelen verschillen al naargelang de situatie.......................................................19
4.4.8 Totale instituties..................................................................................................................20
4.5 randall collins..............................................................................................................................20
4.5.1 Synthese van goffman en durkheim....................................................................................20
4.6 enkele toepassingen van symbolisch interactionisme, Goffman, Collins....................................21
4.6.1 sociologie van emoties: ‘emotion work’..............................................................................21
4.6.2 Sociologie van geweld..........................................................................................................23
4.6.3 sociologie van sociale stratificatie........................................................................................24
4.6.4 sociologie van sociale stratificatie: enkele antwoorden......................................................25
4.7 Ethnomethodologie....................................................................................................................25
4.7.1 garfinkels ordeverstoringen (‘breaching experiments’).......................................................26
4.7.2 interpretatieve procedures..................................................................................................27
4.7.3 Conversatie analyse.............................................................................................................28
5. rationele keuzetheorie.....................................................................................................................29
5.1 Geschiedenis en context.............................................................................................................30
5.1.1 Sociale orde door eigenbelang.............................................................................................30
5.1.2 Rationele keuzetheorie........................................................................................................30
5.1.3 george homan’s ruiltheorie.................................................................................................30
5.1.4 peter blau’s sociale ruiltheorie............................................................................................31
5.2 uitgangspunten...........................................................................................................................31
5.2.1 “the invasion of economic man” (in the study of social reality / social relations)...............32
5.2.2 basisassumpties: onzekerheid en risico’s.............................................................................32
5.2.3 basisassumpties: strategische of parametrische keuzes......................................................33
5.3 Toepassingen (individuele gedragsmodel)..................................................................................33
5.3.1 democratische verkiezingen en stemgedrag........................................................................33
5.3.2 menselijke generositeit en Giften........................................................................................33
, 5.3.3 Religie (stark & finke)...........................................................................................................34
5.4 speltheorie (sociale interactie) of game theory..........................................................................35
5.4.1 verschillende soorten spelen...............................................................................................36
5.4.2 collectieve-actie problemen: het gevangendilemma (prisoner’s dilemma).........................37
5.4.3 ‘tragedy of the commons’ (hardin).....................................................................................39
5.4.4 problemen van collectieve actie..........................................................................................40
5.4.5 klimaatverandering als probleem van internationale collectieve actie................................41
5.4.6 mancur olson’s ‘the logic of collective action’ (1965)..........................................................41
5.4.6 belang van vertrouwen bij het problemen van collectieve actie.........................................42
5.4.7 sociale dilemma’s.................................................................................................................42
5.5 kritiek op RCT..............................................................................................................................43
6. Van handelingen naar sociale structuur/sociale systemen: het zogenaamde ‘micro-macro’ of
‘structure-agency’ probleem................................................................................................................45
6.1.1 Micro-theorie.......................................................................................................................45
6.1.2 macro-theorie......................................................................................................................45
6.1.3 Een verwante tegenstelling: structuur – ‘agency’................................................................45
6.1.4 Hedendaagse sociologische theorie: synthesepogingen om micro-macro tweespalt te
overstijgen....................................................................................................................................46
7. functionalisme..................................................................................................................................46
7.1 GESCHIEDENIS EN CONTEXT (structureel functionalisme)..........................................................46
7.1.1 Emile Durkheim: ‘grondlegger’ van het functionalisme.......................................................47
7.1.2 Structureel-functionalisme in de Britse antropologie: Radcliffe-Brown en MalinowskI......48
7.2 Functionalistisch denken: een toepassing..................................................................................49
7.2.1 Klassiek voorbeeld van vroeg-sociologische functionalistische analyse: Davis & Moore’s
analyse van sociale stratificatie....................................................................................................49
7.2.2 kritiek...................................................................................................................................50
7.3 Parsons: algemene situering en theorieopvatting......................................................................50
7.3.1 Talcott Parsons (1902-1979)................................................................................................50
7.3.2 theorieopvatting.................................................................................................................51
7.4 De vroege Parsons: handelingstheorie.......................................................................................51
7.5 Parsons als systeemtheoreticus..................................................................................................53
7.5.1 Parsons as systems theorist (‘The Social System’ (1951))....................................................53
7.5.2 Normatieve integratie..........................................................................................................54
7.6 De kernbegrippen: institutionalisering, internalisering en socialisatie, sociale controle............55
, 7.6.1 sociale controle én internalisering.......................................................................................55
7.6.2 Parsons’ socialisatietheorie: de internalisering van waardepatronen in de moderne
maatschappij................................................................................................................................56
7.6.3 moderne socialisatieproces van parsons.............................................................................56
7.7 Sociale verandering: modernisering als functionele differentiatie en culturele generalisatie....57
7.7.1 voorbeeld 1 van waardengeneralisering : Richard Bellah’s civil religion..............................58
7.7.2 voorbeeld 2 van waardengeneralisering : het morele individualisme en mensenrechten. .58
7.8 Formalisering van normatieve waardepatronen: patroonvariabelen.........................................58
7.8.1 Formalisering van normatieve waardenpatronen : Parsons’ patroonvariabelen.................58
7.9 Een toepassing van Parsons’ theorie: ziekte en gezondheid.......................................................60
7.10 Parsons’ AGIL-schema (lezen – niet kennen)............................................................................60
7.11 Kritiek........................................................................................................................................61
7.11.1 Lewis Coser / Georg Simmel: de positieve functies van het conflict..................................63
7.11.2 conflict als veiligheidsklep.................................................................................................63
7.11.3 groepsniveau: integrerende werking van conflict..............................................................63
7.11.4 macro-niveau: conflict en democratie...............................................................................63
7.11.5 Robert Merton’s epistemologische kritiek op het functionalisme.....................................64
8. niklas luhman (1927-1998)...............................................................................................................66
8.1 algemene situering.....................................................................................................................66
8.2 Werkwijze en theorieopvatting..................................................................................................66
8.3 Algemene systeemtheorie..........................................................................................................67
8.4 Sociale systemen als communicatiesystemen............................................................................67
8.4.1 luhmanns communciatiebegrip...........................................................................................68
8.5 Verhouding psychische en sociale systemen..............................................................................69
8.5.1 Communicatief’ begrijpen en ‘psychisch’ begrijpen............................................................69
8.6 Maatschappijtheorie...................................................................................................................70
8.6.1 types sociale systemen........................................................................................................70
8.6.2 Vormen van maatschappijdifferentiatie..............................................................................70
8.6.3 Functionele differentiatie....................................................................................................71
9. kritische maatschappijtheorie: basiskenmerken..............................................................................74
9.1 kritische maatschappijtheorie: uitgangspunten......................................................................74
9.2 jürgen habermans: 3 kennisbelangen.....................................................................................75
9.3 kritische theorie versus kritische theorie................................................................................77
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