GTC Microbiology test 4 New 2023 Version with complete solution
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GTC Microbiology
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GTC Microbiology
GTC Microbiology test 4 New 2023 Version with complete solution
What do we call antibiotic that kill gram negative and gram postive bacteria?
Broad spectrum
What do we call it when we give the patient 2 or 3 different antibiotics at once? why would we do that?
Combination therapy. It makes it...
gtc microbiology test 4 new 2023 version with comp
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GTC Microbiology test 4 New 2023 Version with complete
solution
What do we call antibiotic that kill gram negative and gram postive bacteria?
Broad spectrum
What do we call it when we give the patient 2 or 3 different antibiotics at once?
why would we do that?
Combination therapy. It makes it more difficult for a pathogen to develop resistance
If a drug has a low chemotherapeutic index, what does that mean? Is that good or
bad?
Drugs that have a low chemotherapy index often inhibit pathways or attack structures
found in host cells. Low chemotherapy index is bad. Drugs often have a high
therapeutic index if the target of the drug is a structure or pathway not found in the host
organism.
A drug has a low selective toxicity. Is that good or bad?
Selective toxicity is the ability of a chemical or drug to kill a microorganism with out
harming its host. A low selective toxicitiy is bad.
Name four major methods by which antibiotics work.
a. Inhibit cell wall synthesis
b. inhibit protein synthesis
c. inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
d. inhibit folic acid syntheses
Penicillin is made by a
fungus
Who discovered it
Fleming
How does it harm bacteria
Penicillin is in a group of beta-lactam drugs that work by inhibiting the peptide cross-
linkages between the NAM-NAG layers of the peptidoglycan cell wall. Results in faulty
cell wall and lysis of bacteria
What are two problems with penicillins?
Overuse leads to resistance; narrow spectrum; many are allergic
What types of microorganisms are affected by penicillin?
Primarily staph and strep infection also syphillus
What do we mean by semisynthetic penicillins?
Are they only good for gram positve microorganisms?
Altered natural beta-lactams create semisynthetic derivatives of penicillin. These are
synthetic and more expensive. They have a broader spectrum than penicillin due to
their modified chemical structure
Why do they add clavulinic acid to penicilliin?
This inactivates the penicillinase made by bacteria
What is beta-lactamase?
A bacterial enzyme produced by some bacteria that provide resistance to beta-lactam
antibiotics. Also known as penicillinase
, Cephalasporins are described as first generation, second generation, and third
generation. What is the difference?
1st generation are generally used for gram+. narrow spectrum. 2nd generation are more
broad they kill enterics (gram- and some gram+). 3rd generation kills pseudomonas and
is broad spectrum killing gram- and even more gram+
How do these work?
They work like penicillin by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. They do this by inhibiting the
cross linkages between NAM & NAG layers of peptidoglycan cell wall. They are
resistant to beta lactamase enzyme
Why are these drugs better for some people than penicillin?
They are active against more organisms and do not cause as many allergic reactions
Name four other drugs that inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall?
Cephalosporin, carbapenems, bacitracin, vancomycin
Which of these drugs is used to treat MRSA?
Vancomycin
Which of these drugs is for topical application?
Bacitracin
Name a drug that inhibits the cell wall synthesis in Mycobacteria.
isoniazid, ethambutol
Why can we give drugs that disrupt ribosomes? Wouldn't that affect human
ribosomes:
The drugs only affect the 30s ribosome in prokaryotic cells. Human cells are not
affected because they have 40s and are eukaryotic
Aminoglycosides are effective against gram ______ bacteria.
negative
What are some side effects of aminoglycosides?
Toxicity, hearing loss, kidney damage
Tetracycline is considered a ________ antibiotic.
broad spectrum
Tetracycline is effective against intracellular bacteria such as:
chlamydia, rickettsia
Tetracycline is effective against bacteria without a cell wall such as:
mycoplasma
What is the problem with tetracycline in children?
discolors teeth and affects their bones
What is special about chloramphenicol?
Broad spectrum, it gets through the blood brain barrier and is great for treating
meningititis
What about the problem associated with it? How serious is that?
Toxicity in children-->aplastic anemia. Suppress the immune system. Very serious
causes suppression of bone marrow and loss of production of WBC and RBC. Only
used if absolutely necessary.
Which patients get erythromycin?
Patients who are allergic to penicillin.
Name the 2 diseases that are often treated with this drug
Legionnaires disease, atypical pneumonia
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