ORELA Elementary Education Subtest 1 Questions and Answers 2023

ORELA Elementary Education Subtest 1 Questions and Answers 2023 America's first national government was based on the _____ _____ _____. Articles of Confederation The primary functions of government are to ___________________. maintain order, settle conflicts, protect the community _____ _____ of the Constitution defines the legislative branch and vests power to legislate in the Congress of the United States. Article 1 The executive powers of the President are defined in _____ _____. Article 2 The ___________ ________ of government enforces the laws of the land. executive branch _____ _____ defines the judicial branch as the Supreme Court and such inferior courts as Congress sees necessary to establish. Article 3 The Constitution establishes a government based on the principle of "_____," or the sharing of power among the national, state, and local governments. federalism Education for _____ in a constitutional democracy has been a long-standing goal of schools in the United States. citizenship EU capital in _____ _____ EU capital in Brussels, Belgium. Opportunity Cost Whenever limited resources are used to satisfy one want or need, there are other wants and needs that remain unsatisfied. The next best alternative that must be given up when a choice is made. Interdependence decisions by Business A affect the decisions of other businesses and the decisions of other businesses affect the decisions of Business A. Factors of Production used to produce goods and services - labor, capital, land, and entrepreneurship. What will we produce with our resources? How will we produce these goods? For whom will we produce these goods? All economic systems answer 3 basic economic questions: Traditional Economy In these economies, answers to three basic economic questions are based on how they were addressed in the past. There is little difference from generation to generation about who will do what and how it will be done; if your family grows wheat, you will be a wheat farmer, too. New ideas or ways of doing things are generally rejected. Most often found in rural regions with high levels of subsistence farming. Command Economy In these economies, government provides all the answers to the three basic economic questions state planners decide which goods and services are produced and how they are distributed. The state owns all property and controls all resources, including land, labor, and capital. Consumer needs receive little attention in this type of economy. The former Soviet Union is an example. Market Economy In these economies, the three basic economic questions are answered by individuals and privately owned corporations rather than by the government. The exchange of goods, services, and information takes place in a free market governed by the law of supply and demand, which determines the price of goods and services. Mixed Economy In these economies, both government and the marketplace answer the three basic economic questions. Individuals and firms enjoy varying degrees of economic freedom, but they are also subject to a range of government regulation. Common examples include the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Italy. Stone age (subdivided into Paleolithic—a span beginning more than a million years ago in which several Homo species used crude rock tools; Mesolithic—about 12000 to 7000 years ago; Neolithic—7000 to about 5500); the Bronze Age (5500 to 3200 years ago); and the Iron Age (starting about 3200 years ago). Paleolithic— a span beginning more than a million years ago in which several Homo species used crude rock tools Mesolithic— about 12000 to 7000 years ago Neolithic— 7000 to about 5500 the Bronze Age 5500 to 3200 years ago the Iron Age starting about 3200 years ago Collapse of Rome 496 CE From about 500 CE to 1000 CE, Western Europe was politically divided, rural, and largely cut off from advanced civilizations in the Middle East, China, and India. This period in Europe has often been called the _____ _____ Dark Ages. China, too, broke apart when the _____ dynasty collapsed in 220 CE and remained divided for almost 400 years. Han China was not restored to its earlier glory until the emergence of the _____ Dynasty in 618 CE. Tang The earliest American civilization, that of the _____, emerged in the tropical forests along the Gulf Coast of Mexico from about 1500 BCE to 400 BCE. Olmecs Mesoamerica a geographic region made up of Mexico and Central America. Before the birth of Prophet Mohammad in the northern Arabian trading city of Mecca between _____ and _____ CE 570-580 The _____ are believed to have originated from West Africa, in present day Cameroon and Nigeria. Bantu Era 1 The beginnings of human society Era 2 Early civilizations and the emergence of pastoral peoples ( BCE) Era 3 Classical traditions, major religions, and giant empires (1000 BCE-300 CE) Era 4 Expanding zones of exchange and encounter (300-1000 CE) Era 5 Intensified hemispheric interactions ( CE) Era 6 The emergence of the first global age ( CE) 1487 Portuguese explorer Bartholomeu Diaz rounded the Cape of Good Hope. 1497 John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto), an Italian explorer, navigated the coast of Newfoundland. 1498 Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama founded colonies in India. 1499 Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian maritime explorer, discovered the mouth of the Amazon River. The continent of America was named after Vespucci. 1500 Portuguese explorer Pedro Cabral became the first European to enter Brazil. 1512 Juan Ponce de Leon, a Spanish explorer and governor of Hispaniola, discovered Florida. 1519-22 The Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe. 1535 French navigator Jacques Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence River. Era 7 Colonization and settlement () Samuel de Champlain French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec () Henry Hudson English navigator who discovered the Hudson River Mayflower Compact The first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was written by the Separatists, also known as the "Saints", fleeing from religious persecution by King James of Great Britain. They traveled aboard the Mayflower in 1620 along with adventurers, tradesmen, and servants, most of whom were referred to as "Strangers". Roger Williams English clergyman and colonist who was expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritanism William Penn Englishman and Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania () Triangular Trade A historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions. Usually evolves when a region has export commodities that are not required in the region from which its major imports come. It provides a method for rectifying trade imbalances between the above regions. James Edward Oglethorpe (22 December 1696 - 30 June 1785) A British general, Member of Parliament, philanthropist, and founder of the colony of Georgia. As a social reformer, he hoped to resettle Britain's poor, especially those in debtors' prisons, in the New World. Era 8 Revolution and the New Nation (s) Era 9 Expansion and reform () Era 10 Civil War and Reconstruction () A landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held that African Americans, whether slave or free, could not be American citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court,[2][3] and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States. Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857) With the election of Abraham Lincoln in _____, seven southern states seceded from the Union. 1860 Compromise efforts failed and a crisis developed at _____ _____ in South Carolina, which resulted in the secession by four more southern slave states. Fort Sumter Era 11 The development of the industrial United States () Era 12 The emergence of modern America () The turn of the century witnessed the emergence of a national reform movement known as _____. It included advocates of women's suffrage, municipal reform, temperance, immigration reform, and a host of other social reforms. Progressivism