A-Level Psychology Paper 3 - 16th June 2022 - Issues and Debates, Schizophrenia, Forensics, Gender (Q&A Latest Update 2023 A+
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Course
Psychology
Institution
Psychology
Schizophrenia
What are the two subsections of psychological explanations for schizophrenia? - ANS--
family dysfunction
- cognitive explanations
What are the three subsections of family dyfunction as a psychological explanation for
schizophrenia ? - ANS-- the schizophrenogenic mother
- doubl...
A-Level Psychology Paper 3 - 16th June
2022 - Issues and Debates, Schizophrenia,
Forensics, Gender (Q&A Latest Update 2023
A+)
Schizophrenia
What are the two subsections of psychological explanations for schizophrenia? - ANS--
family dysfunction
- cognitive explanations
What are the three subsections of family dyfunction as a psychological explanation for
schizophrenia ? - ANS-- the schizophrenogenic mother
- double-bind theory
- expressed emotion
Explain the schizophrenic mother as a psychological explanation for schizophrenia -
ANS-Frieda Fromm-Reichmann proposed a psychodynamic explanation for
schizophrenia based on accounts she heard from her parents about their childhood.
She noted that many of them had a 'schizophrenogenic mother' which is when they are
cold, rejecting, controlling and tends to create a family dynamic categorised by tension
and secrecy. This leads to distrust that later develops into paranoid delusions and
ultimately schizo.
Explain the double bind theory as a psychological explanation for schizophrenia - ANS-
Bateson et al emphasised the role of communication style within a family. The
developing child regularly finds themselves trapped in situations where they fear doing
the wrong thing but get mixed messages about wat this is. When they 'get it wrong'
which is seemingly often they experience a withdrawal of love which leaves them
thinking the world is confusing resulting in symptoms like paranoid delusions and
disorganised thinking.
Explain expressed emotion as a psychological explanation for schizophrenia - ANS-
Expressed emotion is the level of negative emotion expressed towards a patient by their
carers. It includes verbal criticism of the patient, anger and rejection manifesting in
hostility towards the patient and an emotional over-involvement in the life of the patient.
Explain cognitive explanations as a psychological explanation for schizophrenia. Make
sure you define dysfunctional thought processing. - ANS-Dysfunctional thought
processing is a general term meaning information processing that is not functioning
normally and produces undesirable consequences.
Frith identified two types of this:
- metarepresentation - allows insight into our own intentions - disrupts ability to
recognize our own actions which explains hallucinations and delusions.
,- central control - ability to suppress automatic responses while we perform deliberate
ones instead. disorganized speech and thought disorder could result from this inability
to suppress automatics thoughts and speech.
Give four evaluative points for psychological explanations for schizophrenia - ANS--
support for family dysfunctions as a risk factor
- weak evidence for family-based explanations
- strong evidence for dysfunctional information processing
- evidence for biological factors is not adequately considered
Explain the evaluative point of support for family dysfunctions as a risk factor - small
weakness in this please mention it. as a psychological explanation for schizophrenia -
ANS-A large proportion of patients report childhood sexual abuse (Read et al) or
insecure attachment (Berry) which supports a link between upbringing and schizo. It is
important to note that most evidence is retrospective though so it lacks validity.
Explain the evaluative point of weak evidence for family based explanations as a
psychological explanation for schizophrenia - ANS-Little or no direct evidence for the
schizophrenogenic mother or double bind theory. An additional problem is that family-
based explanations may encourage blaming of parents whose children develop
schizophrenia.
Explain the evaluative point of strong evidence for dysfunctional thought processing as
a psychological explanation for schizophrenia - ANS-Stirling et al - patients with
schizophrenia took longer to complete the stroop task showing impairment to cognition.
However this strong support for cognitive explanations is undermined by the fact that
they do not tell us about the origin of symptoms.
Explain the evaluative point that evidence for biological factors is not adequately
considered as a psychological explanation for schizophrenia - ANS-Strong support for
biological explanations challenge value of psychological explanations. However it does
seem likely that schizophrenia has important psychological and biological factors so we
cannot eliminate psychological factors.
What are anti-psychotic drugs? - ANS-Drugs used to reduce the intensity of symptoms,
in particular the positive symptoms, of psychotic conditions like schizophrenia.
What are the typical antipsychotics? When did they start? What is the main one? How
do they work? What symptom does it greatly reduce? - ANS-Been used since the
1950s. Chlorpromazine is the key one. Link to the dopamine hypothesis. They work by
acting as antagonists in the dopamine system by blocking the dopamine receptors in
the synapses of the brain, reducing the action of dopamine. Reduces symptoms like
hallucinations.
What are atypical antipsychotics? What do they aim to do? Give two examples - ANS-
Newer drugs that have been around since 1970. Aim to maintain or improve upon the
, effectiveness of drugs in suppressing the symptoms of psychosis and also minimise the
side effects. Examples are clozapine and Risperidone.
How does Clozapine work? What does it also do? - ANS-Blocks dopamine, glutamate
and serotonin receptors normalising transmission. It enhances mood as well as
reducing symptoms.
How does Risperidone work? What is it useful for? - ANS-Risperidone blocks dopamine
and serotonin receptors but can be used in much smaller doses leading to fewer side
effects.
What four evaluative points are there for biological therapies for schizophrenia? - ANS--
evidence for effectiveness
- serious side effects
- problems with evidence for effectiveness
- depends on the dopamine hypothesis
Explain the evaluative point of evidence for effectiveness as a biological therapy for
schizophrenia - ANS-Thornley et al: Chlorapromazine is more effective than a placebo
in reducing symptom severity.
Meltzer: Clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics
Explain the evaluative point of serious side effects as a biological therapy for
schizophrenia - ANS-Antipsychotics, particularly typical ones, associated with a range of
side effects including dizziness, agitation, sleepiness and the life threatening neuroleptic
malignant syndrome.
Explain the evaluative point of depends on the dopamine hypothesis as a biological
therapy for schizophrenia - ANS-Use of antipsychotics tied up with the dopamine
hypothesis for which there is mixed support. if we do not accept the dopamine
hypothesis there is no rationale for antipsychotics
Explain the evaluative point of problems with evidence for effectiveness as a biological
therapy for schizophrenia - ANS-Healy: Some data sets with positive findings published
more than once suggesting an exaggeration of the positive findings. And the behaviour
change in patients may simply be response to sedative properties of drugs.
What are the three key psychological therapies? - ANS-- cognitive behavioural therapy
- family therapy
- token economies
What is the aim of CBT in relation to schizophrenia? How does it work? How does CBT
help? Which symptoms specifically does it work best with? - ANS-The aim of CBT is to
help patients identify irrational thoughts and try to change them. It may involve
argument or a discussion of how likely the patients beliefs are. It helps by making sense
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