EARTH SCIENCE Exam Review 2023 Already Passed

EARTH SCIENCE Exam Review 2023 Already Passed seismic waves *** Vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake. crust *** the outer layer of the Earth mantle *** the layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core lithosphere *** the solid, outer layer of the earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle asthenosphere *** the soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats basalt *** a rock that makes up much of the ocean floor granite *** a usually light-colored rock that is found in continental crust outer core *** a layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of Earth inner core *** a dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of Earth radiation *** the transfer of energy through space conduction *** the direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching convection *** the transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid density *** the amount of matter in a given space convection current *** the movement of a fluid, caused by differences in temperature, that transfers heat from one part of the fluid to another continental drift *** the hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations Pangaea *** large, ancient landmass that was composed of all the continents joined together fossil *** the remains (or an impression) of a plant or animal that existed in a past geological age and that has been excavated from the soil mid-ocean ridge *** An underwater moutain chain where new ocean floor is formed sonar *** a device that determines the distance of an object under water by recording echoes of sound waves sea-floor spreading *** the process by which molten material adds new oceanic crust to the ocean floor deep-ocean trench *** a deep valley along the ocean floor beneath which oceanic crust slowly sinks toward the mantle subduction *** the process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary plate *** a section of the lithosphere that slowly moves over the asthenosphere, carrying pieces of continental and oceanic crust plate tectonics *** the theory that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in constant motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle fault *** a crack in the earth's crust divergent plate boundary *** a boundary where plates are spreading apart rift valley *** a deep valley that forms where two plates move apart convergent boundary *** a plate boundary where two plates move tward each other transform boundary *** boundary where two plates slide past each other stress *** a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume tension *** stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle compression *** the type of stress that occurs when an object is squeezed shearing *** stress that pushes a mass of rock in opposite directions normal fault *** a type of fault where the hanging wall slides downward; caused by tension in the crust reverse fault *** a type of fault where the hanging wall slides upward; caused by compression in the crust hanging wall *** The block of rock that forms the upper half of a fault. footwall *** the block of rock that forms the lower half of a fault strike-slip fault *** a type of fault where rocks on either side move past each other sideways with little up or down motion anticline *** an upward fold in rock formed by compression of Earth's crust syncline *** a downward fold in rock formed by compression in earth's crust plateau *** a large area of flat land elevated high above sea level earthquake *** The shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface focus *** The point beneath Earth's surface where rock breaks under stress and causes an earthquake epicenter *** the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake P wave *** A type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground. S wave *** a type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side surface wave *** a type of seismic wave that forms when P waves and S waves reach Earth's surface magnitude *** measure of the energy released during an earthquake seismograph *** a device that records ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through Earth liquefaction *** The process by which an earthquake's violent movement suddenly turns loose soil into liquid mud aftershock *** an earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake in the same area tsunami *** a giant wave caused by an earthquake on the ocean floor volcano *** a weak spot in the crust where magma has come to the surface magma *** molten rock beneath the earth's surface lava *** magma that reaches Earth's surface. hot spot *** an area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it viscosity *** the resistance of a gas or liquid to flow silica *** a material found in magma that is formed from the elements oxygen and silicon pahoehoe *** a hot, fast-moving type of lava that hardens to form smooth, ropelike coils aa *** a slow-moving type of lava that hardens to form rough chunks; cooler that pahoehoe magma chamber *** the pocket beneath a volcano where magma collects pipe *** a long tube through which magma moves from the magma chamber to Earth's surface crater (volcano) *** a bowl-shaped opening at the top of a volcano dormant *** describes a volcano that is not currently active, but that may become active in the future extinct *** A volcano that is no longer active and is unlikely to erupt again. law of superposition *** The geologic principle that states that in horizontal layers of sedimentary rock, each layer is older than the layer above it and younger than the layer below it. mold *** a fossil formed when an organism buried in sediment dissolves, leaving a hollow area cast *** a type of body fossil that forms when crystals fill a mold or sediments wash into a mold and harden into rock relative age *** the age of a rock compared to the ages of rock layers absolute age *** the age of a rock given as the number of years since the rock formed geologic time scale *** A record of the life forms and geologic events in Earth's history. period *** unit of time into which eras are subdivided era *** a unit of geologic time that includes two or more periods salinity *** the amount of salt in water current *** a large stream of moving water that flows through the ocean coriolis effect *** The way Earth's rotation makes winds in the Northern Hemisphere curve to the right and winds in the Southern Hemisphere curve to the left. climate *** average, year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region El Nino *** An abnormal climate event that occurs every two to seven years in the Pacific Ocean; causing changes in winds; currents; and weather patterns for one to two years. upwelling *** the movement of deep, cold, and nutrient-rich water to the surface tropical zone *** near the equator between 23.5 North and 23.5 South latitudes; receive direct sunlight year round, almost always warm temperate zone *** the area between the tropical and polar zones, from about 23.5 degrees to 66.5 degrees north and 23.5 degrees to 66.5 degrees south latitudes heliocentric *** A model of the solar system in which Earth and the other planets revolve around the sun. corona *** The outermost region of the sun's atmosphere. spectrograph *** An instrument that separates light into colors and makes an image of the resulting spectrum. nuclear fusion *** The process by which hydrogen atoms join together in the sun's core to form helium. apparent brightness *** the brightness of a star as seen from Earth absolute brightness *** The brightness a star would have if it were at a standard distance from Earth. main sequence *** A diagonal area on an H-R diagram that includes more than 90 percent of all stars. prominence *** A loop of gas that protrudes from the sun's surface, linking parts of sunspot regions. photosphere *** The inner layer of the sun's atmosphere chromosphere *** The middle layer of the sun's atmosphere axis *** An imaginary line that passes through Earth's center and its North and South Poles. orbit *** The path of an object as it revolves around another object in space. geocentric *** Models of the universe based on the assumption that the sun, moon, and planets all orbit Earth. sunspot *** A dark area of gas on the sun that is cooler than surrounding gases. super nova *** The explosive death of a massive star nebula *** A large cloud of dust and gas in space protostar *** A contracting cloud of gas and dust with enough mass to form a star black hole *** An object whose gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape supergiant *** Life cycle stage of a massive star where the core reaches extremely high temperatures, heavy elements form by fusion, and the star expands. binary star *** a star system with two stars eclipsing binary *** A system in which one star periodically blocks out light from another star. open cluster *** Groups of up to a few thousand stars loosely held together by gravity globular cluster *** a tight group of stars that looks like a ball and contains up to 1 million stars galaxy *** A huge group of single stars, star systems, star clusters, dust, and gas bound together by gravity spiral galaxy *** A galaxy with a bulge in the center and very distinctive spiral arms. Our Milky Way is a spiral galaxy. elliptical galaxy *** A galaxy shaped like a round or flattened ball, generally containing only old stars. irregular galaxy *** A galaxy that does not have a regular shape. quasar *** An enormously bright, distant galaxy with a giant black hole at its center. universe *** All of space and everything in it. Cosmic background radiation *** The electromagnetic radiation left over from the big bang Big bang *** The initial explosion that resulted in the formation and expansion of the universe Hubble's law *** states that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away from us Solar nebula *** A large cloud of gas and dust such as the one that formed our solar system Planetesimal *** One of the small asteroid-like bodies that formed the building blocks of the planets. Dark matter *** Matter that does not give off electromagnetic radiation Dark energy *** a mysterious force that appears to be causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate