Enthuse Chemistry notes from Allen Kota (Allen Career Institute) for IIT JEE, JEE Main and NEET aspirants. The pdf Contains 3 chapters:
1. Chemical Thermodynamics
2.Electrochemistry
3.Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
This pdf provides in depth knowledge about the following chapters and a...
Exercise – I : MH Board Questionnaire – Collection of objective & subjective questions [Targeted towards
Board Exams]
Exercise – II : MHT – CET Questionnaire – Collection of miscellaneous objective problems with single
correct to enhance speed & accuracy [Targeted towards MHT-CET Exams]
Exercise – III : JEE-Main Questionnaire – Collection of Numerical answer based and single option correct
questions [Targeted towards JEE - Main Exams]
Exercise – IV : Previous Years Questionnaire – Questions from MHT-CET (2010 – 2019) and JEE-Main
(2013 – 2021) Both Online and Offline.
, Chemical Thermodynamics
1. Chemical Thermodynamics
BOARD + MHT-CET THEORY
1. Define: i. System ii. Surroundings
Ans:
i. A part of the universe under thermodynamic investigation is called the system.
ii. The universe outside the system is called surroundings.
2. Explain the term system and surroundings with the help of diagram.
Ans:
i. Consider a gas enclosed in a cylinder equipped with a movable piston as shown in the diagram.
ii. Suppose we undertake study of change in volume of a gas and the amount of energy released or gained by a
gas when the pressure is varied by putting certain mass on the piston.
iii. In this case, a gas under study is called the system. A part of the universe under thermodynamic investigation
is called the system. All other parts of the universe outside the system such as cylinder, room and others, are
surroundings.
iv. The universe is made of system plus surroundings.
Surroundings
Surroundings
Surroundings
Gas
(System)
System and surroundings
3. Observe the following figure and discuss with reference to transaction of energy and matter.
Insulator
Matter Energy
Matter
Energy
Energy Matter
Open system Closed system Isolated system
(i) (ii) (iii)
Ans:
i. Open system:
a. Diagram (i) shows an open cup containing hot coffee placed in a room.
b. You observe coffee cools down releasing heat to the surroundings.
c. The water vapour from coffee simultaneously passes into surroundings.
d. Thus, a system which exchanges both energy and matter with the surroundings is called an open system.
1
, Chemical Thermodynamics
ii. Closed system:
a. In diagram (ii), a cup containing hot coffee is covered with a saucer.
b. Coffee cools down by giving away heat to the surroundings.
c. The water vapour from coffee now does not pass into surroundings.
d. Thus, a system that exchanges energy and not the matter with the surroundings is called a closed system.
iii. Isolated system:
a. In diagram (iii) a cup containing hot coffee covered with a saucer is insulated from the surroundings.
b. Coffee does not cool down. Moreover, there is no escape of water vapour into the surroundings.
c. Thus, a system that does not allow exchange of either energy or matter with the surroundings is called an
isolated system.
4. What is extensive property? Give examples.
Ans: A property which depends on the amount a/matter present in a system is called an extensive property. e.g.
Mass, volume, internal energy, heat capacity, number of moles, etc.
5. What are intensive properties? Explain why density is intensive property.
Ans:
i. A property which is independent of the amount of matter in a system is called intensive property.
ii. Density is a ratio of mass to volume. Mass and volume are extensive properties. Since density is a ratio of two
extensive properties, it is an intensive property. Thus, density is ir dependent of the amount of matter present.
6. Give examples of intensive properties.
Ans: Pressure, temperature, surface tension, viscosity, melting point, boiling point and specific heat are intensive
properties.
7. Define the term: State function. Give examples.
Ans: The property which depends on the state of a system and independent of a path followed to attain it, is called
a state function.
e.g. Pressure, volume and temperature are state functions.
8. Write a short note on state function.
Ans:
i. Consider a certain amount ofa gas is enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a movable piston.
ii. Suppose the pressure of the gas is 1 bar (P1) , volume is 1 dm3 (V1) and temperature is 300 K (T1) in the
beginning. This initial state of the system is fully defined by specifying the values of these properties. Such
properties defining the state of a system, are state functions.
iii. Suppose the pressure of the system is increased to 2 bar (P2), volume changes to 0.5 dm3 (V2) and the
temperature is maintained at 300 K (T1) This is the final state of the system which is different from the initial
state. A change in state functions of the system brings forth a change of its state as shown in the diagram
below.
P1 P2
Change in
V1 variables V2
T1 Change of state T2
n n
Initial state Final State
iv. The final state of the system is described by pressure 2 bar (P2), volume 0.5 dm (V2) and temperature 300
K(T1). A system continues to be in such state as long as the state functions are unchanged.
v. How the pressure 2 bar is attained whether by increasing from 1 bar to 2 bar or decreasing from 5 bar to 2 bar,
would not matter.
vi. The property which depends on the state of a system and independent of a path followed to attain it, is called
a state function.
2
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