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Samenvatting - Micro-organismen en antimicrobiele therapie
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Een uitgebreide samenvatting van de module 'Micro-organismen en antimicrobiële therapie' van Q4. Voor de exacte inhoud: zie de inhoudsopgave.
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Samenvatting‘Micro-organismen
en antimicrobiële
therapie’
Daan Beers
Q4 – MGZ
,Inhoudsopgave
Pathologie en immunologie ......................................................................................................................................... 3
Prokaryoten ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Eukaryoten ......................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Bacteriën ................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Celmembraan..................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Celwand ............................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Vormclassificatie ................................................................................................................................................................ 4
Replicatie ........................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Virussen ................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Capside ............................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Infectie ............................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Schimmels ................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
Classificatie ........................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Protozoa .................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Classificatie ........................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Helminths ................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Classificatie ........................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Replicatie ........................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Symbiotische relaties ............................................................................................................................................................... 8
Huid .................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Respiratoire stelsel ............................................................................................................................................................ 8
Gastro-intestinale stelsel ................................................................................................................................................... 9
Urinalen stelsel .................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Ogen ................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Antibiotica ................................................................................................................................................................ 10
Keuze voor soort antibioticum .............................................................................................................................................. 10
Overzicht .......................................................................................................................................................................... 11
β-lactamantibioticum............................................................................................................................................................ 11
Penicilline ......................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Cefalosporines ................................................................................................................................................................. 12
Carbapenems ................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Tetracyclines .......................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Doxycycline ...................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Aminoglycosiden ................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Macroliden ............................................................................................................................................................................ 14
Chinolonen............................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Antibiotica resistentie ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Mechanismen antimicrobiële resistentie .............................................................................................................................. 14
Afname membraanpermeabiliteit ................................................................................................................................... 15
ESBL.................................................................................................................................................................................. 15
Minimaal remmende concentratie........................................................................................................................................ 15
Intrinsieke versus verworven resistentie ............................................................................................................................... 15
Microbiologische diagnostiek..................................................................................................................................... 16
Gramclassificatie ................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Uitzonderingen ................................................................................................................................................................ 16
Antibiotica gevoeligheidsbepaling ........................................................................................................................................ 17
Bacteriën kweken .................................................................................................................................................................. 17
ELISA ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
ELISA-antistofdetectie...................................................................................................................................................... 17
ELISA-antigendetectie ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Immunochromatografie ........................................................................................................................................................ 18
Polymerase kettingreactie .................................................................................................................................................... 18
Malariadiagnostiek ............................................................................................................................................................... 19
2
, Pathologie en immunologie
Organismen die voor infectieuze ziekten zorgen kunnen worden ingedeeld in zeven
hoofdgroepen: bacteriën, virussen, schimmels, protozoa, helminths, arthropods en prions.
Prions zijn verzamelingen van eiwitmoleculen en behoren daardoor niet tot de levende
organismen. De eerste grote indeling is wanneer je kijkt naar de eigenschappen van de
verschillende cellen. Hierin kun je prokaryoten en eukaryoten cellen onderscheiden.
Prokaryoten
Prokaryoten cellen hebben geen nucleare membraan
en geen membraan omhulde organellen in zich. Het
DNA ligt in een circulaire vorm in nucleotide. Het
cytoplasma is rijk aan ribosomen waarbij transcriptie
en translatie tegelijkertijd uitgevoerd kunnen worden.
Alle bacteriën zijn prokaryoot en kun je verder
onderverdelen in eubacteriën (ware bacteriën) en
archaebacteriën (oerbacterie). De anchaea zijn
prokaryoot omdat ze geen nucleus hebben. Wel
hebben ze introns met hun genetische materiaal erop
en hun rRNA is qua sequentie (volgorde) hetzelfde als bij die van eukaryoten.
Virussen behoren ook tot prokaryoten. Ze hebben genetisch materiaal, maar geen verdere
cellulaire kernmerken. Hierdoor zijn ze afhankelijk van anderen in het overleven.
Eukaryoten
Eukaryoten kernmerken zich doordat ze
een aparte nucleus hebben, waar het
DNA in chromosomen ligt. Daarnaast
hebben ze ook membraan omhulde
organellen, zoals mitochondriën,
endoplasmatisch reticulum, etc. Voor
transcriptie is het nodig om mRNA van de
nucleus naar het cytosol te verplaatsen.
De translatie vindt plaats door
ribosomen.
Onder eukaryoten vallen schimmels, protozoa en helminths. Protozoa (ook wel oerdiertje) is
een soort restgroep van eencellige eukaryotische micro-organismen die niet onder te
verdelen zijn in andere groepen. Helminths zijn meercellige organismen die vaak met het
blote oog gezien kunnen worden. Ze worden ook wel intestinale wormen genoemd.
Bacteriën
Dit is een grote groep eencellige. Hun genoom bestaat uit een enkele circulaire
chromosoom, die niet omgeven is door een nucleare membraan. Het DNA bevat geen
intronen of extragenetische sequenties, zoals bij eukaryoten gevonden wordt. Het mRNA
3
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