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'Inleiding tot de studie van de Europese literatuur en cultuur: na 1800' uitgebreide samenvatting

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Inleiding tot de studie van de Europese literatuur en cultuur: na 1800

Institution
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)

Book
Ontluikende letteren 2 (paperback)

In deze uitgebreide samenvatting zit alle leerstof van zowel het handboek als de powerpoint slides uit de les. (leerstof uit handboek wordt gevraagd!) Ik heb enkel deze samenvatting gestudeerd en 16/20 behaald :). Inleiding tot de studie van de Europese literatuur en cultuur: na 1800, gedocee...

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Type Summary

europese
taal letterkunde
na 1800
ontluikende letteren
examenleerstof
uitgebreid
volledig
literatuur en cultuur
eerste bachelor
examen
literatuurgeschiedenis
ben de witte
samenvatting

Book Title:Ontluikende letteren 2 (paperback)

Author(s):Jan Herman

Edition:Unknown
ISBN:9789463371315
Edition:1

Institution
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
Education
Taal- en letterkunde
Course
Inleiding tot de studie van de Europese literatuur en cultuur: na 1800

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Europese literatuur en cultuur: na
1800
Inhoud
1. Inleiding.........................................................................................................................................9
I. Literatuur.........................................................................................................................................9
II. Basisbegrippen...............................................................................................................................9
1) Imitatio.......................................................................................................................................9
2) Mimesis....................................................................................................................................10
3) Genre........................................................................................................................................11
2. Vroegromantiek...........................................................................................................................12
I. Inleiding: cultuurhistorisch perspectief..........................................................................................12
II. Classicisme....................................................................................................................................13
1) Kerngedachten..........................................................................................................................13
2) Neoclassicisme.........................................................................................................................13
3) De Weimarer Klassik.................................................................................................................14
III. Sturm und Drang (1769-1785).....................................................................................................14
1) Context.....................................................................................................................................14
2) Algemene kenmerken...............................................................................................................15
3) Goethe......................................................................................................................................15
3.1. Proza....................................................................................................................................................17
3.2. Drama..................................................................................................................................................18
3.3. Lyriek...................................................................................................................................................19
4) Schiller......................................................................................................................................19
4.1. Drama..................................................................................................................................................20
IV. Vroegromantiek...........................................................................................................................21
1) Inleiding....................................................................................................................................21
2) Engeland en Schotland.............................................................................................................22
2.1. Burke...................................................................................................................................................22
2.2. Macpherson........................................................................................................................................22
3) Duitsland..................................................................................................................................23
3.1. Lessing.................................................................................................................................................23
3.2. Klopstock.............................................................................................................................................23
3.3. Herder..................................................................................................................................................24
4) Frankrijk....................................................................................................................................24

1

, 5) Besluit.......................................................................................................................................25
3. Romantiek...................................................................................................................................26
I. Inleiding.........................................................................................................................................26
1) Overzicht 19e E..........................................................................................................................26
2) Cultuurhistorisch perspectief....................................................................................................26
II. Romantische esthetica..................................................................................................................27
1) Kenmerken...............................................................................................................................27
1.1. Literair-sociologische kenmerken........................................................................................................27
1.2. Thematische kenmerken.....................................................................................................................28
1.3. Formele kenmerken.............................................................................................................................29
2) Engels.......................................................................................................................................29
2.1. Lake Poets............................................................................................................................................29
2.2. De grote drie........................................................................................................................................29
2.3. Nazomer..............................................................................................................................................32
3) Duits.........................................................................................................................................32
3.4. De school van Jena..............................................................................................................................33
3.5. De kring van Heidelberg......................................................................................................................34
3.6. Biedermeier en Vormärz......................................................................................................................34
4) Frans.........................................................................................................................................35
4.1. De wegbereiders..................................................................................................................................35
4.2. Een eerste episode...............................................................................................................................35
4.3. Een tweede episode.............................................................................................................................37
5) Italiaans....................................................................................................................................38
6) Spaans & Portugees..................................................................................................................38
6.1. Spanje..................................................................................................................................................38
6.2. Portugal...............................................................................................................................................39
7) Russisch....................................................................................................................................39
8) Andere......................................................................................................................................40
III. Romantiek: een globaal beeld.....................................................................................................40
4. Van romantiek naar realisme.......................................................................................................41
I. Inleiding.........................................................................................................................................41
1) Periodisering en terminologie..................................................................................................41
2) Cultuurhistorische context........................................................................................................42
3) Kenmerken...............................................................................................................................43
4) Romance en novel.....................................................................................................................43
II. Het vroegromantisch realisme......................................................................................................44
1) De gothic novel.........................................................................................................................44

2

, 2) De sentimentele roman............................................................................................................45
2.1. Austen..................................................................................................................................................45
2.2. Staël.....................................................................................................................................................46
V. Het romantisch realisme...............................................................................................................46
1) Realistische romantiek: roman in verzen..................................................................................46
1.1. Poesjkin...............................................................................................................................................46
2) Realistische romantiek: het fantastische...................................................................................47
3.1. Hoffmann............................................................................................................................................47
3.2. Gogol...................................................................................................................................................47
3) Realistische romantiek: de historische roman..........................................................................47
3.1. Scott.....................................................................................................................................................48
3.2. Manzoni...............................................................................................................................................48
3.3. Hugo....................................................................................................................................................48
3.4. Conscience...........................................................................................................................................49
3.5. Dumas.................................................................................................................................................49
4) Realistische romantiek: de karakterroman...............................................................................49
4.1. C. Brontë..............................................................................................................................................50
4.2. E. Brontë..............................................................................................................................................50
5) Romantisch realisme: de belijdenisroman................................................................................50
5.1. Chateaubriand.....................................................................................................................................51
5.2. Lermontov...........................................................................................................................................51
6) Romantisch realisme: de Bildungsroman..................................................................................51
6.1. Novalis.................................................................................................................................................52
6.2. Hoffmann............................................................................................................................................52
6.3. Stendhal...............................................................................................................................................52
6.4. Dickens................................................................................................................................................53
6.5. Sand.....................................................................................................................................................53
7) Romantisch realisme: de zedenroman......................................................................................54
7.1. Balzac..................................................................................................................................................54
7.2. Gogol...................................................................................................................................................55
7.3. Beets....................................................................................................................................................55
8) Romantisch realisme na 1850...................................................................................................55
9) Literatuur in de doorsnede.......................................................................................................56
VI. Positivistisch en esthetisch realisme............................................................................................56
1) Frans.........................................................................................................................................56
1.1. Flaubert...............................................................................................................................................57
1.2. Goncourt..............................................................................................................................................58

3

, 2) Engels.......................................................................................................................................58
2.1. Eliot......................................................................................................................................................59
3) Duits.........................................................................................................................................59
3.1. Fontane................................................................................................................................................60
4) Russisch....................................................................................................................................60
4.1. Gontsjarov...........................................................................................................................................61
4.2. Toergenjev...........................................................................................................................................61
4.3. Tolstoj..................................................................................................................................................62
5) Scandinavië...............................................................................................................................63
6) Spanje.......................................................................................................................................63
6.1. Pérez-Galdós........................................................................................................................................63
7) Nederland.................................................................................................................................64
7.1. Multatuli..............................................................................................................................................64
5. Naturalisme.................................................................................................................................64
I. Inleiding: het naturalisme..............................................................................................................64
II. De naturalistische roman..............................................................................................................66
1) Frankrijk....................................................................................................................................66
1.1. Zola......................................................................................................................................................66
1.2. Maupassant.........................................................................................................................................68
2) Italië..........................................................................................................................................68
3) Spanje.......................................................................................................................................69
3.1. Pardo Bazán........................................................................................................................................69
4) Nederland.................................................................................................................................70
IV.1. Couperus.............................................................................................................................................70
5) Engeland...................................................................................................................................71
V.1. Hardy..................................................................................................................................................71
6) Rusland.....................................................................................................................................71
VI.1. Dostojevski.........................................................................................................................................72
VI.2. Tsjechov..............................................................................................................................................73
7) Scandinavië...............................................................................................................................73
VII.1. Strindberg.........................................................................................................................................73
8) Duitsland..................................................................................................................................74
III. Het naturalistisch theater............................................................................................................74
1) Context 19e-eeuwse theater....................................................................................................74
2) Scandinavië...............................................................................................................................75
2.1. Ibsen....................................................................................................................................................75
2.2. Strindberg............................................................................................................................................76

4

, 3) Duitsland..................................................................................................................................78
3.1. Hauptmann.........................................................................................................................................78
4) Rusland.....................................................................................................................................79
4.1. Tsjechov...............................................................................................................................................79
IV. Conclusie......................................................................................................................................79
6. Symbolisme en fin du siècle.........................................................................................................80
I. Inleiding.........................................................................................................................................80
II. L’art pour l’art en de poètes maudits............................................................................................81
1) L’art pour l’art...........................................................................................................................81
2) De poètes maudits....................................................................................................................81
2.1. Baudelaire...........................................................................................................................................82
2.2. Verlaine...............................................................................................................................................84
2.3. Rimbaud.............................................................................................................................................85
2.4. Mallarmé.............................................................................................................................................86
III. Symbolisme & decadentisme.......................................................................................................87
1) Frankrijk....................................................................................................................................87
1.1. Huysmans............................................................................................................................................89
2) (Franstalig) België.....................................................................................................................89
2.1. Rodenbach...........................................................................................................................................89
2.2. Maeterlinck.........................................................................................................................................90
3) Engeland...................................................................................................................................90
3.1. D.G. Rossetti........................................................................................................................................91
3.2. C. Rossetti............................................................................................................................................91
3.3. Wilde...................................................................................................................................................92
3.4. Yeats....................................................................................................................................................93
4) Duitstalige gebied.....................................................................................................................93
4.1. Schnitzler.............................................................................................................................................94
4.2. Rilke.....................................................................................................................................................94
5) Italië..........................................................................................................................................95
5.1. d’Annunzio...........................................................................................................................................95
6) Nederlandstalig gebied.............................................................................................................95
IV. Literatuur in de doorsnede..........................................................................................................96
1) Sciencefiction............................................................................................................................96
2) Jeugdliteratuur.........................................................................................................................96
3) Detectiveroman........................................................................................................................97
7. Avant-garde.................................................................................................................................97
I. Inleiding.........................................................................................................................................97

5

,II. Nationale avant-gardebewegingen...............................................................................................99
1) Impressionisme........................................................................................................................99
2) Expressionisme.........................................................................................................................99
2.1. Benn..................................................................................................................................................100
2.2. Trakl...................................................................................................................................................101
3) Imagisme................................................................................................................................101
4) Vorticisme...............................................................................................................................102
5) Acmeïsme...............................................................................................................................102
6) Constructivisme......................................................................................................................103
7) Ultraïsme................................................................................................................................103
III. Historische avant-gardes (1910-1930).......................................................................................103
1) Kubisme..................................................................................................................................105
1.1. Apollinaire.........................................................................................................................................106
1.2. van Ostaijen.......................................................................................................................................106
2) Futurisme...............................................................................................................................107
2.1. Marinetti............................................................................................................................................107
2.2. Russolo..............................................................................................................................................108
2.3. Majakovski........................................................................................................................................108
3) Dadaïsme................................................................................................................................109
3.1. Ball.....................................................................................................................................................109
3.2. Tzara..................................................................................................................................................109
4) Surrealisme.............................................................................................................................110
4.1. Breton................................................................................................................................................110
4.2. Apollinaire.........................................................................................................................................111
5) Situationisme..........................................................................................................................111
IV. Vitalisme....................................................................................................................................111
1) Wat is vitalisme?.....................................................................................................................111
2) Frans: Céline...........................................................................................................................113
3) Engels: Conrad & Lawrence....................................................................................................113
3.1. Conrad...............................................................................................................................................113
3.2. Lawrence...........................................................................................................................................114
4) Duits: Hesse............................................................................................................................114
5) Russisch: Tolstoj......................................................................................................................115
6) Italiaans: Malaparte................................................................................................................115
7) Spaans: Lorca..........................................................................................................................116
8) Scandinavisch: Hamsun..........................................................................................................117
9) Nederlands: Streuvels.............................................................................................................117

6

,8. Modernisme..............................................................................................................................117
I. Inleiding.......................................................................................................................................117
II. Moderne roman..........................................................................................................................120
1) Engels.....................................................................................................................................121
1.1. James.................................................................................................................................................121
1.2. Joyce..................................................................................................................................................122
1.3. Woolf.................................................................................................................................................123
2) Frans.......................................................................................................................................125
2.1. Gide...................................................................................................................................................125
2.2. Proust................................................................................................................................................126
3) Duits.......................................................................................................................................127
3.3. Schnitzler...........................................................................................................................................127
3.4. Rilke...................................................................................................................................................127
3.5. Kafka..................................................................................................................................................127
3.6. Musil..................................................................................................................................................128
3.7. Mann.................................................................................................................................................129
3.8. Döblin................................................................................................................................................130
4) Russisch..................................................................................................................................130
5) Italiaans..................................................................................................................................131
5.1. Pirandello..........................................................................................................................................131
5.2. Svevo.................................................................................................................................................131
6) Spaans & Portugees................................................................................................................132
6.1. Spaans: Baroja..................................................................................................................................132
6.2. Portugees: Pessoa.............................................................................................................................133
III. Modernistische poëzie: Eliot......................................................................................................133
IV. Modernistisch theater...............................................................................................................135
1) Duits: Brecht...........................................................................................................................135
2) Italiaans: Pirandello................................................................................................................137
V. Literatuur in de doorsnede.........................................................................................................137
1) Confessionele literatuur..........................................................................................................138
2) Utopische literatuur................................................................................................................138
3) Sciencefiction..........................................................................................................................138
4) Naziliteratuur..........................................................................................................................138
5) Exilliteratuur...........................................................................................................................139
6) Sovjetliteratuur.......................................................................................................................139
7) Jeugdliteratuur.......................................................................................................................139
8) Oudheidsliteratuur.................................................................................................................139

7

, VI. Besluit........................................................................................................................................139
9. Modernisme naar postmodernisme...........................................................................................140
I. Inleiding.......................................................................................................................................140
II. Existentialisme & absurd theater................................................................................................140
1) Existentialistische roman........................................................................................................141
1.1. Sartre.................................................................................................................................................141
1.2. Camus................................................................................................................................................141
1.3. de Beauvoir.......................................................................................................................................142
2) Existentialistisch theater.........................................................................................................142
2.1. Sartre.................................................................................................................................................142
2.2. Camus................................................................................................................................................143
3) Absurd theater........................................................................................................................143
2.1. Beckett...............................................................................................................................................144
2.2. Ionesco..............................................................................................................................................145
III. Nouveau roman.........................................................................................................................146
1) Beckett....................................................................................................................................146
2) Sarraute..................................................................................................................................147
3) Robbe-Grillet..........................................................................................................................147
IV. Postmodernisme........................................................................................................................148
1) Inleiding: Definities.................................................................................................................148
2) Kenmerken.............................................................................................................................149
3) Latijns-Amerikaans.................................................................................................................151
3.1. Borges................................................................................................................................................151
3.2. Marquez............................................................................................................................................152
4) Amerikaans.............................................................................................................................152
5) Brits........................................................................................................................................153
6) Russisch..................................................................................................................................154
7) Frans.......................................................................................................................................154
8) Italiaans..................................................................................................................................155
8.1. Calvino...............................................................................................................................................155
8.2. Eco.....................................................................................................................................................156
9) Portugees................................................................................................................................157
10) Nederlands...........................................................................................................................157
11) Conclusie..............................................................................................................................157

8

, 1. Inleiding
I. Literatuur
Definitie

- enge definitie: literaire genres
o ex. poëzie, toneel, roman
o ‘literair’ als waardeoordeel: schone letteren, belles lettres
- brede definitie: elke uiting van geletterde cultuur:
o religieuze teksten, filosofie, geschiedschrijving, redevoeringen…
o ook orale literatuur: folklore, volksverhalen, mythes, legenden…
- verhalen en helden: evolutie doorheen de tijd
o verhalen gaan traditioneel over helden, maar doorheen de tijd krijgen we andere types van
‘helden’
o van mythologische ‘held’ naar moderne ‘anti-held’
o veranderende smaken en verwachtingen
 Definitie verhaal sluit niet altijd meer aan bij moderne definitie van literatuur

Literatuur na 1750

vanaf 18e E: definitieve doorbraak burgerlijke cultuur
- publiek: niet langer de aristocraat, maar de moderne burger
- invloed Verlichting en (nieuwe) filosofische stromingen
o redelijkheid en rationaliteit
o discussiecultuur: menstype dat leest
o nieuwe attitude t.o.v. traditie: durf denken!

modernisering van klassieke literatuurbegrippen:
1. imitatio
2. mimesis
3. genre

II. Basisbegrippen
1) Imitatio
imitatio = navolging van eerdere werken die men bewondert
o ontstaan in retoricascholen in de Oudheid
o doel: aemulatio: overtreffen
o vb. imitatio en aemulatio van Homerus door Vergilius
- cruciaal principe Europese canon-vorming vóór 1800
- toepassing imitatio-gedachte doorheen Europese literatuurgeschiedenis
o 14e E: Dante: imitatio en aemulatio van Vergilius
o 17e E: classicisme: imitatie klassieke modellen
o 18e E: neoclassicisme: vb. Weimarer Klassik

- Imitatio was vóór 1800 een cruciale factor in doorgeven van klassieke beschaving
o continuïteit

9

, o positieve lading: herkenning, meerwaarde
- Maar imitatio krijgt tegen einde 18e E een negatieve lading
o nadruk op originele creatie i.p.v. imitatie:
auteur op voorgrond, wordt benoemd als genie  cultus van de auteur
o explosie van -ismen1 = nieuwe paradigma’s
o propageren van ‘moderne’ stijl & smaak
- 17e E en 18e E: querelle des anciens et des modernes
o debat gaandeweg beslecht in voordeel van de ‘modernen’

- toch blijvende aandacht voor traditie
o romantiek: nationale verleden
o modernistische literatuur: intertekstualiteit
o postmoderne literatuur: cliché, ironie, metafictie

- TS Eliot: belang traditie voor literaire creatie én appreciatie:
“No poet, no artist of any art, has his complete meaning alone. His significance, his
appreciation is the appreciation of his relation to the dead poets and artists. You cannot value
him alone; you must set him, for contrast and comparison, among the dead. I mean this as a
principle of esthetic, not merely historical, criticism”

2) Mimesis
Mimesis = kunst als nabootsing van de werkelijkheid
 fundamenteel principe van literatuur

- ‘mimetisch’ = gelijkend aan de natuur, maar niet per se een exacte kopie
 zie Aristoteles, Poetica (4e E v.C.): niet per se ‘waar’, maar ‘geloofwaardig’
“Het [is] niet de specifieke taak van de dichter … te spreken van gebeurtenissen die hebben
plaatsgevonden, maar van dingen die zodanig zijn dat ze zouden kunnen gebeuren, ik
bedoel: van wat mogelijk is volgens de waarschijnlijkheid of de noodzakelijkheid.”

- Positieve en negatieve houdingen t.o.v. mimesis: Aristoteles vs. Plato
- 17e E: hoogtepunt navolging klassieke modellen in classicisme
- vanaf 18e E: geleidelijke breuk met classicisme
o enerzijds vraag naar originaliteit (i.p.v. klassieke modellen)
o anderzijds vraag naar realisme (i.p.v. geïdealiseerde weergave)
- 20e E: bevraging van fundamenten mimesis
o experimentele en anti-naturalistische tendensen, vooral in modernisme en avant-garde, en
postmodernisme
 van klassieke mimesis naar moderne mimesis naar invraagstelling van mimesis!

Enkele voorbeelden
- Dood van Socrates (1787) – Jacques-Louis David
 Classicistisch mimesisidee van de dood
- Dood van Chatterton (1856) – Henry Wallis
 mimesis van zelfdodingstopos

1
-ismen: expressionisme, impressionisme, realisme, naturalisme, etc.

10

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