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CHEMISTRY
y Chemistry is defined as the study of the Concept Ladder
composition, properties and interaction of
matter. Chemistry, from the ancient
Branches of Chemistry Egyptian word “khēmia”
(1) Physical Chemistry meaning transmutation of
The discipline of chemistry concerned with earth, is the science of matter
at the atomic to molecular
the way in which physical properties of
scale, dealing primarily with
substances depend on and influence their
collections of atoms, such
chemical structure, properties, and reactions. as molecules, crystals, and
(2) Inorganic Chemistry metals.
The discipline of chemistry in which structure,
composition, and behavior of inorganic
compounds. All the substances other than the Rack your Brain
carbon-hydrogen compounds are classified
under the group of inorganic substances. How was mass of single carbon
(3) Organic Chemistry aotm determined?
The branch in which the study of the
structure, composition and the chemical
properties of organic compounds is known
as organic chemistry. Concept Ladder
(4) Biochemistry
The discipline which deals with the structure Antoine Lavoisier is known
and behavior of the components of cells and as father of chemistry. He
the chemical processes in living beings is developed an experimentally
based theory of the chemical
known as biochemistry
reactivity of oxygen and
(5) Analytical Chemistry
coauthored the modern
The branch of chemistry dealing with system for naming chemical
separation, identification and quantitative substances.
determination of the compositions of
different substances
MATTER Definition
y It exists in three physical states, e.g., Solid,
Liquid and Gas. It also has two other states Matter is anything that occupies
namely Bose-Eistein condensite and Plasma mass and space.
Mole Concept
1.
, Characteristics
(1) Solids have definite volume and definite
shape.
(2) Liquids have definite volume but definite
shape. They take the shape of the container Concept Ladder
in which they are kept.
(3) Gases ahve neither definite volume nor In chemistry, a substance
definite shape. They occupy completelty the is a form of matter that has
container in which they are kept. constant chemical composition
and characteristic properties.
It cannot be separated into
These three states are interconvertible on
components by physical
changing the conditions of temperature and separation methods, i.e. without
pressure. breaking chemical bonds. They
Heat
Heat
can be solids, liquids or gases.
Solid
Cool
Liquid
Cool
Gas
Classification of Matter On the Basis of Purity
Matter can be classified broadly as mixture or
pure substances, which can be further subdivided
as shows below.
Mole Concept
2.
,(1) Mixture
Generally pure substances are added Definition
together to form a mixture. Also, a mixture
A mixture contains two or more
can be obtained by mixing two mixtures. For
substances present in it in
example, sugar solution in water, air, tea etc.
any ratio which are called its
(2) Homogenous Mixture components.
A mixture in which the components
completely mix with each other and its
composition is uniform throughout. For
example, salt solution, sugar solution, air etc.
(3) Heterogenous Mixture Concept Ladder
A mixture which doesn’t have same
composition throughout and different Alloys are mixtures of two
components sometimes can be observed. For or more metals or a metal
and a non-metal and cannot
example, grains and pulses along with some
be separated into their
dirt (often stone) pieces , mixture of salt and
components by physical
sugar etc. methods. For example, brass is
(4) Pure Substances a mixture of approximately 30%
They have fixed composition, whereas mixture zinc and 70% copper.
may contain the components in any ratio and
its composition is variable. For example, gold,
silver, copper, water, glucose etc.
(5) Element Rack your Brain
Element has only one type of particles, atoms
or molecules. For example silver, copper, How do we judge whether milk,
sodium, hydrogen, oxygen etc. ghee, butter, salt, spices, mineral
(6) Molecule water or juice that we buy from the
When two or more atoms combine molecule market are pure?
is formed. Hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
gases consists of molecules in which atoms
of same elements combine to give their
respective molecules. Definition
(7) Compound
When two or more atoms of
Compounds are always formed when
different elements combine,
substances combine in different ratios by
Mole Concept
the molecule of a compound is
mass. For example water ammonia, carbon formed.
3.
, Mole Concept
4.
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