Cambridge IGCSE Option B - Core Topics 1-6 Summary Notes
26 views 0 purchase
Course
History
Institution
GCSE
Book
Cambridge IGCSE and O Level History 3rd Edition: Option B: The 20th century
This document provides detailed summary notes on all you need to know for core topics 1,2,3,4,5,6 in the Cambridge IGCSE History Option B course. These notes are what secured me a 9 in the final exams.
Cambridge IGCSE History Option B - USA Depth Study Notes
CIE Essay Plans History iGCSE
All for this textbook (15)
Written for
GCSE
GCSE
History
1
All documents for this subject (1330)
Seller
Follow
benbarton2007
Content preview
Core Topic 1: Were the peace treaties of
1919-23 fair?
The Paris Peace Conference 1919-20
• Took place in the Palace of Versailles.
• No defeated countries were invited.
• Treaty of Versailles and 4 others were made.
Wilson’s Ideas
• Don’t be too harsh on Germany.
• Strengthen democracy in defeated countries.
• Give self-determination to small countries once part of the European Empire.
• International cooperation.
Lloyd George’s ideas
• He was a realist and occupied a middle ground.
• He didn’t want a harsh treaty as it could lead to communist revolution.
• Trade with Germany.
• Germany to lose its navy as it threatened the British Empire.
• He especially disliked 2 of Wilson’s points: all nation’s access to the seas and people ruling
themselves.
Clemenceau’s ideas
• Revenge on Germany.
• Reparations to be paid.
The Treaty of Versailles
1. War Guilt
• Germany takes blame for starting the war.
2. Reparations
• Germany to pay £6.6 billion.
3.German territories and colonies
• German colonies taken away and controlled by the League of Nations.
• Union between Austria and Germany forbidden.
• Rhineland demilitarised.
• Saarland and Danzig controlled by the League of Nations.
• Germany lost 68,000 km² of territory.
• Germany lost 10% of land in Europe.
• 12.5% of its population.
• 16% of coalfields.
• Almost half of its iron and steel industry.
4. Germany’s armed forces
• Army limited to 100,000.
• Conscription was banned.
• No armoured vehicles, submarines or aircrafts.
• Only 6 battleships.
,5. League of Nations
• Set up as an international “police force”.
• Germany not allowed to join until it showed signs of being a peace-loving country.
Germany’s reaction to Treaty of Versailles
1. War guilt and reparations
• Didn’t feel like they started the war.
• Bitter that they had to pay reparations with a severely damaged economy.
2. German territories
• Germany was bitter because while they lost colonies, allies gained colonies of German
territories in Africa.
3. 14 Points and League of Nations
• Treatment of Germany did not align with 14 points, e.g. while self-determination was given to
some countries, German-speaking people were being hived off to other countries to be ruled
by non-Germans.
• Felt insulted by not being invited to join the League of Nations.
Consequences of the treaty for Germany
1. Political violence
• Attempted revolution (the Kapp Putsch) defeated by general strike by Berlin workers which
stopped essential services such as power and transport.
• Numerous assassinations (1922 Germany's foreign minister Walther Rathenau murdered).
• November 1923 Hitler led the Munich Putsch which was defeated.
2. Conflict in the Ruhr
• No reparation paid in 1922, so in 1923 French and Belgian soldiers entered the Ruhr and took
raw materials and goods.
• Germans ordered to go on strike to stop supply to the French.
• The French killed 100 workers and expelled 100,000 protesters from the region.
3. Hyperinflation
• Government printed extra money which made it virtually worthless, so prices shot up.
Some said the treaty was fair
• Germany’s call for fairer treatment did not square with their much harsher treatment of Russia
in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918.
• Germany’s economic problems were self-inflicted (government allowed debts to run up as
they planned to pay them with reparations from defeated states).
Treaty of St Germain 1919 - Austria
• Austria separated from Hungary.
• Lost land to Poland, Italy and creation of new states like Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
• Army restricted to 30,000.
• No alliance with Germany.
, Treaty of Neuilly 1919 - Bulgaria
• Bulgaria lost land to Greece, Romania and Yugoslavia.
• Lost access to Mediterranean.
• Armed forces restricted to 20,000.
• £10 million reparations to be paid.
Treaty of Trianon 1920 - Hungary
• Hungary lost territories to Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
• 3 million Hungarians ended up in other states.
• Due to pay reparations but its economy was so weak it never did.
Treaty of Sevres 1920 - Turkey
• Turkey lost territory, empire broken up.
• Parts of Turkey controlled by Allies.
• Taxes, finances and budget controlled by Allies.
• Army restricted to 50,000.
• Navy restricted, no air force.
(Extra) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918 - Russia
• Very harsh treaty that Germany made Russia sign.
• Russia had huge territorial losses including the 3 Baltic States.
• Lost huge areas of prime agricultural land.
• Lost 80% of coal mines.
• Lost half of other industries.
• 6 billion marks in reparations in a follow up agreement in August 1918.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller benbarton2007. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $13.41. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
