Unit 4 SCLY4 - Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods; Stratification and Differentiation with Theory and Methods
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Summary of Crime and Deviance - Globalisation, Green crime, Human rights and State crime (AS, A-level and GSCE)
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Unit 4 SCLY4 - Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods; Stratification and Differentiation with Theory and Methods
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AQA
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AQA A Level Sociology Book One Including AS Level
In-depth notes on Globalisation, Green crime, Human rights and State crime in terms of Crime and Deviance. It includes the necessary sociologists and recent statistical data to take your grade to the next level. Exams come pre-highlighted to focus on the essential aspects needed in an essay/exam. T...
Unit 4 SCLY4 - Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods; Stratification and Differentiation with Theory and Methods
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Crime and deviance - Topic 8: Globalisation, Green crime, Human rights and State crime
Crime and globalisation-sociologist list
Key:
Heheh-Sociologist Heheh-Important information
Key information:
● Held et al (1999)
- Globalisation refers to the increasing interconnectedness of society
- Quote → "The widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide
interconnectedness in all aspects of life, from the cultural to the criminal,
the financial to the spiritual'.
- Globalisation has many causes → spreads new ICT, influence global mass
media, cheap airlines, deregulation of financial markets, and easier
movements of businesses where profit is greater
The global criminal economy
- There has been a globalisation of crime → interconnectedness across
national borders
- Transnational organised crime has spread
- Globalisation itself creates new opportunities for crime
● Castells (1998)
- The global criminal economy is now worth over £1 trillion per annum
- Some forms of global crime:
1. Arms trafficking → e.g. terrorists
2. Trafficking in nuclear materials → from former communist countries
3. Smuggling of illegal immigrants → Chinese triads make an estimated $2.5
billion annually
4. Trafficking women/children → linked to prostitution/slavery
5. Sex tourism → Westerners travel to 3rd world countries for sex (esp, with
minors)
6. Trafficking in body parts → Organ transplants in rich countries
1
, 7. Cyber-crime → e.g. identity theft
8. Green crimes → the damage to the environment
9. International terrorism → based on ideological links via the internet
10. Smuggling of legal goods → e.g. tobacco/alcohol to evade tax and sell in
third world countries
11. Trafficking in cultural artefacts → stolen works of art
12. Trafficking in endangered species → e.g. ivory trade
13. Drugs trade → worth an est. $300-400 billion in terms of street price
14. Money laundering → organised crime is worth $1.5 trillion per year
- Global crime now has a supply-and-demand aspect
- Demand for products in the West increases the scale of organised transnational
crime
- Services demanded in the West are the reason why a supply aspect is needed
(e.g. sex, workers, etc)
- Supply is linked to the globalisation process → e.g. third-world producing
drug countries like Peru have a high rate of peasants, so with the little IT
needed to sell high-priced drugs compared with low low-price drops, it is
an attractive business venture
→ e.g. 20% of Columbia's population depends on the drug trade for their
livelihood, and cocaine sells out all other exports
Global risk consciousness
- Risk consciousness → Risk is seen as global rather than tied to particular
places
→ e.g. increased movement of migrants seeking asylum and refuge has
raised concern in Western countries about the risk of crime and disorder,
and the need to protect Western borders
- As most information comes from the media, it often gives an exaggerated view
of the dangers
→ e.g. media creates moral panics about immigration as a ‘threat‘, often
fueled by politicians
2
, → Negative coverage of immigrants as ‘terrorists’, and them ‘flooding the
country’ has led to hate crimes against ethnic minorities in several EU
countries (including the UK)
- This results in an intensification of social control at a national level
→e.g. the UK has toughened their border control, regulations, and legal
limits on aeroplanes
→ other countries have put up large gates, thermal detection, sonic wave
systems, etc to limit illegal border crossing
Globalisation, capitalism and crime
● Taylor (1997)
- Globalisation had led to changes in the pattern and extent of crime
- Globalisation → greater inequality + rising crime
- Created crime at both ends of the social spectrum:
1. TNC move businesses to low-wage countries → produces job insecurity in
unsafe working conditions
2. Deregulation = Governments have little control over their country's economy
→e.g. welfare spending decline while trying to create jobs/raise tax
3. Marketisation → people see themselves as individual consumers which
undermines the ideology of social cohesion
- Left realists view → increasingly materialistic culture promoted by the
global media portrays success in terms of consumption
- This leads to more crime, especially from the w/class, as it creates insecurity
and widens inequalities
- Lack of legitimate jobs means that people are more likely to turn to illegitimate
jobs (e.g. LA has de-industrialised which has led to the growth of drug gangs -
10,000 members)
- This leads to more crime committed by elite groups, due to a large scale of
opportunities → e.g. deregulation of financial markets has created
opportunities for inside trading and movement of funds to tax evade
- Creations of transnational bodies (e.g. European Union) have offered
opportunities for fraudulent claims for subsidies
- Leads to new patterns of employment → new opportunities for crime
3
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