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ACT I Scene 1
Act I
5 - 25 CONTEXT QUESTIONS
5
Scene 1 Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow:
13
Scene 2 1.
20 (i) Where are Antonio and his friends? What does Antonio say about' his
Scene 3
Act II
26 - 59 sadness?
26 Antonio and his friends are in a street in Venice. Antonio. says that his
Scene 1 ~ ! sadness makes him depressed and dull. He further says thatthJ is yet
Scene 2 29 to learn about the, origin and nature of his sadness.
Scene 3 36 ,pi) Give the meaning of:
f· t
38" - ~.
Scene 4 (a) whereof it is born " n,\.)Vv it originated.
Scene 5 40 (b) a want-wit sadness: a dull sadness.
Scene 6 44 (c) That I have much ado to know myself: That I have much difficulty in -
47 recognising myselt.
Scene 7
51 (iii) Whal reason does Salarino give as the probable cause of Antonio's
Scene 8
melancholy?
Scene 9 54
Salarino tells Antonio llidl he is sad because ·his mind is preoccupied
Act'III 60 - 85
with his ships filled with cargo, which are 'out· at' sea.
Scene 1 60
(iv) State in your own words the scene on the ocean as described by'.salar~nd(
Scene 2 65 when Antonio's ships were sailing.
Scene 3 77 Salarino compares Antonio's ships sailing on the waves with the 'great
79 lords and wealthy citizens, who lookdo~n on lesser men as they walk
Scene 4
along the street. He says that compared to smaller ships, Antonio's 'ships
Scene 5 83 move swiftly on the sea with their canvas sails and look like, grand:
86 - 102 spectacles or pageants of the sea. .'
Act IV
Scene 1 86 (v) The play begins in an atmosphere of melancholy. Why do you think
that Antonio is presented as a melancholic and passive character?
Scene 2 100
Antonio is presented as a melancholic andpassive character mainly for
Act V 103 - 110
three reasons. Firstly, by portraying Antonio as a whimsical person,
Scene 1 103
THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK ACT I Scene 1 7
6
who is least bothered about the consequences of his actions, justifies. his (v) What light does the opening scene throw on the danger that the sea
could pose to ships?
signing the bond-agreement. Secondly, Antonio's melancholy creates a
tragic atmosphere suitable forthe play. Thirdly, Antonio's melancholy The opening scene describes the possible dangers that the sea could
creates a sense of mystery for the audience. pose- to ships such as strong winds, dangerous shallow waters, sand
banks and dangerous rocks.
2.
(i) Where would Salanio's attention be if he had business ventures abroad? 3.
Why would he be 'Plucking the grass'? What else would he be doing (i) Where does this scene take place? Name the people who are present
in that context? there. In what mood is Salarino in this scene?
If Salanio had bu_sinessventures abroad, his thoughts would be fixed on
This scene takes place in a street of Venice.Antonio, Salarino and Salarrio
the dangers to his ventures and methods of securing them. He would
be plucking th€:blades of grass and casting t~ep1.in the air to see which are present in the s~ep:e.Salarino is in a talkative .rreood and wants to
way the wirid blew, to see if it was blowing in a direction favourable know the reason fot Antonio's melancholy. He sa~s that he too would
to the course of his ships or not. Further, he. would look into maps for be feeling melancholic if his ships were sailing on the sea.
harbours, channels and open road-steads near to the shore where his (ii) What would the wWd cooling the broth remind Sal~rino of?
ships could anchor -in case of need.
It would remind Salarino of the stormy winds at sea and of the terrible
(ii) What would make Salanio fear some danger to his ventures? Give two
damages they might cause to the ships.
examples from the- opening scene to show how some objects remind
Salarino of the danger to the ships. (iii) Give the meaning of:
Every thought of Salanio would make him fearful of danger to his And see my wealthy Andrew dock'd in sand,
business ventures. Two examples which reminded Salarino of the Vailing her high-top lower than her ribs
danger to his 'ships were: (a) While cooling his soup by blowing on it, Ta kiss her burial. -
reminded him of the stormy winds at sea causing terrible damages to
his ships. (b) The sandy hour-glass reminded him of the richly laden Wealthy Andrew refers to a Spanish ship called Andrea captured by
vessels wrecked on the sandy shore. the British sailors _in 1596. It ran aground when it. was being brought
to England. Since then Andrew refers to a big cargo ship. In the above
(iii) Give the meaning of: lines Salarino imagines that his rich cargo ship is grounded in sand
(a) Plucking the grass to know where sits the wind. and her mast dipped down lower than her sides as if trying to kiss the
Plucking of grass and casting them in the air to see which way the sands that surround her.
wind blew. (iv) What is the 'sandy hour-glass'? What would it remind Salarino of?
(b) Peering in maps for ports, and piers, and roads. Sandy hour-glass is an apparatus used to indicate time. It would remind
Looking into maps for harbours, channels and even open road -steads Salarino of the dangers from hidden banks of sand at sea, on wihch a
near the shore. ship may run aground.
(iv) In spite of the danger to his ships, why is Antonio not worried about (v) What is referred to as 'wealthy Andrew'? Why is it so referred?
his financial security?
Salarino refers to his richly laden ship as wealthy Andrew. It is so referred
Despite danger to his ships, Antonio is not worried about his financial
because Salarino feels that like the Spanish ship Andrea captured by
security because his business is neither dependent on anyone ship nor
the British in 1596, his ship too is majestic and rich with cargo.
on any single location or commercial transactions of the current year.
, THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK ACT I Scene 1 9
8
(vi) When Salarino would go to church what would he see? What would (v) Who is Nestor? Why is he referred to in the extract?
the scene make him imagine? Nestor was the King of Pylas. He was one of the greatest generals in the
When Salarino would go to the church he would see the holy building Trojan War. He was famous for his wisdom, justice, knowledge of war
made of stone. This scene would make him think of the perilous rocks of and profound gravity. If he laughed, it meant the joke was really funny.
the sea and imagine that a collision of his ship with these rocks would He is referred to in the .extract to describe the sad and grave· people.
be sufficient to break his vessel into .pieces and scatter on the sea all (vi) Give the meaning of:
her spices and silks.
(a) And other of such vinegar aspect
4. The second type of people who are grav~ and serious ..
(i} . Who has just said that Antonio was in love? What was the reaction of
(b) Though Nestor swear the jest be laughable.
Antonio to that remark?
. Even if the wise and,.g1ave Nestor certify the joke as funny.
Salarino has just sajd\that Antonio was in love. Antonio calls the remark
as nonsense and completely denies that he is in love. (vii) Why are a class of people compared to parrots?
(ii) Antonio says that he-is not sad because of love. What explanation does A class of. people are compared to parrots because they laugh even at
Salarino give in the extra ct for Antonio's sadness? a bag-piper as foolishly as 'a parrot laughs at anything.. <
(viii)Who comes at the end of Salarino's speech? Why does Salarino leave
Salarino concludes that Antonio is sad because he is not happy. He
then?
remarks that there are some curious creatures in the world. He swears
by Iunus, the two-headed Roman God that some people have merry At the end ot Salarinos speech, Bassanio, Gratiano and Lorenzo come.
natures and are continuously laughing whether the things they see Salarino leaves Antonio then because Antonio's friends, Bassanio, Gratiano
are subject for mirth Of not. Again there are others with the sorrre-xt. and Lorenzo have come to give him company.
countenance who will not laugh at any thing though the gravest old 5.
warrior Nestor himself confirms the joke as most amusing.
(i) Why is a young man compared to 'his grandsire cut in alabaster'? Under
(iii) What is meant by the 'two-headed Janus'? Why is he referred to in the what condition is he likely to be infected with jaundice?
extract? Gratiano gives the example of a warm-blooded young man who represses
Janus is a Roman god usually depicted with two heads looking in spirits and forces himself to stillness till he looks like the marble image of
opposite directions _:_.one. frowning and the other smiling. He had his grandfather. He does so to advise Antonio not to remain in melancholy.
received from god Saturn, the gift· to see both the past and the future. He is likely to be infected with jaundice due to his bad temper.
He is referred to in: the extract to show that there are two types of (ii) Give the meaning of:
people _. one happy and the other sad.
(a) Do cream and mantle like a standing pond:
(iv) Describe in your own words the two types of strange fellows who .have
Some men overcast their faces with a pale expression as unchanging
been framed by nature.
as the cream that forms on the surface of milk and as the scum that
Nature has two types of people. The first type of people have happy forms on the surface of a stagnant pool.
natures and of-tenlaugh even if the subject of laughter is too trivial. The (b) doa wilful stillness entertain:
second type of people are those with serious and grave faces, who do
not laugh even at the most amusing jokes. maintain an obstinate silence not to disturb the solemnity of their
faces.
, 10 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE - HANDBOOK ACT I Scene 1 11
(iii) What is said in the extract about the people who try to earn a reputation (iii) What confession has Bassanio made to Antonio earlier about his financial
for wisdom? position? How can you conclude that Bassanio is a spendthrift?
Earlier, Bassanio confesses to Antonio that he has spent his wealth by
In the extract, Gratiano speaks about people who try to obtain a
having a more lordly way of living than his moderate income allowed
reputation for wisdom, seriousness and deep thought by remaining
him. Therefore, he has incurred heavy debts because of his youth and
silent. Such people mean to say that they speak with the authority of
extravagance. This proves that Bassanio is a spendthrift. "~
the Greek Oracle and they alone are infallible in their utterances. When
they speak, other should keep quiet. (iv) \tVhatexperience of his school days does Bassanio relate to justify his
plan for repaying the loan?
(iv) What is meant by 'I am Sir Oracle' and 'let no dog bark'?
Bassanio says that, when he was a boy at school and he lost one of
'I am Sir Oracle' means 'I speak with the,authority of the 'Greek Oracle'. his arrows while shooting, he would shoot another arrow in the same
The Gre~k fOracles made known the w ill of Gods and were received by direction. Thus, k:>i risking the second, he often regained both the arrows.
all withJui:' questions. '<-
(v) How does Bassanio propose to pay back his previous loan as well as
'Let no dog bark' means 'let no one spea!<'.It refers to the attitude of the present loan?
those. wise' men who consider themselves as the fountain of wisdom !
Bassanio proposes to pay back his previous loan as well as the present
and want that when they speak, others should remain silent.
loan by carefully managing the expenditure of his second loan amount,
(v) What advice does Gratiano give to Antonio at the end of his speech?
7.
At the end of his speech. Gratiano advises Antonio not to be one of those
(i) What is meant by, 'fair speechless messages' and 'nothing undervalued'?
who try to gain a reputation for wisdom by being silent. He further
tells Antonio not to use melancholy as a bait to win the, reputation of 'Fair speechless messages' mean glances which are silent messages of love..
wisdom and cheap popularity, which is like a worthless cheap fish, a Bassaniowants to say that sometimes he received from Portia's eyes lovely
gudgeon. silent messages. The words 'nothing undervalued' mean not less precious.
Bassanio says that his Portia is no less precious than Cato's daughter.
6.
(ii) Who are Cato and Brutus? Why are they referred to here?
(i) VVhereare Bassanio and Antonio? What has Antonio said earlier in reply
to which Bassanio spea ks these words? Cato, the father of Brutus' wife Portia, was the great-grandson of the
famous Cato, the Censor. In the Civil War between Pompey and Caesar
Bassanio an.dAntonio are in a street in Venice.Prior to this extract, Antonio he supported Pompey and was defeated by Caesar. Brutus, husband of
asks· Bassanio. to tell him about his plans. He adds, that if Bassanio's Portia, was the chief of the conspirators against Caesar and caused his
plan is, as honourable as he is, he then promises him everything that assassination; They are referred to show that Portia of Belmont is as
he has-- money, influence, personal help and utmost resources. precious and great as Cato's daughter, Portia.
(ii) Explain the following: (iii) What evidence is there in the passage to show that Portia's fame had
spread throughout the world?
Or bring your latter hazard back again,
And thankfully rest debtor for the first. The passage says that Portia's fame had spread throughout the world
as suitors from every part of the world come to Belmont to win her
The' above 'lines'-mean that at any rate Bassanio could pay the second
hand in marriage. .
loan and remain his grateful debtor for the first.
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