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Figure 1: Timeline1848: Public Health 1st step to improve public health.
1854: John Snow and the Broad Street Snow concluded access to uncontaminated
pump water prevented them from cholera infection
whereas Broad Street pump became
cholera infected. In addition, he persuaded
civil authorities to remove the handle from
the pump and the epidemic disappeared
within a few days.
1866: Sanitary Act Made it compulsory for local authorities to
improve sanitary conditions.
1906: Free school meals Affordable for poor school children to eat/
school medical examinations.
1908: Introduction to Old Age Pension -
1939: Public health white paper The paper called for the establishment of a
Jewish national home in an independent
Palestinian state within 10 years.
1942: The Beveridge Report Entitled social insurance and allied services.
1946: The NHS Act Aimed to provide universal and free benefits
to everyone in need.
1948: National Insurance -
1998: Acheson Report It informs the development of the
government's public health strategy and
contributes to the white paper. It was
ignored because the proposals were too
costly and because of the political antipathy
to the issue. The report made specific
recommendations which included
introducing health assessments for all
policies that could directly or indirectly
impact health and health inequalities.
1999: Saving Lives Our Healthier Nation -
The public health policy is set laws, regulations, decisions and actions implemented in
society in order to influence wellness and ensure specific health goals are met (Columbia
University Mailman School of Public Health, 2021). Public health supports individuals,
organisations and society to tackle prevention of disease, mortality and disability using (The
Royal College of Nursing, n.d.). Public health policy is written by the government to try to
ensure the health of the population improves.
An aim is identifying national health concerns which develop a length of time and
programmes helping early diagnosis of disease. For example, breast cancer, diabetes and
cervical cancer can be early diagnosed by screening. This helps to improve the chances of
, clearing the disease before symptoms prevent themselves so treatment becomes more
successful. The two main types of screening are molecular screening where the DNA
genetic code is analysed and biochemical where enzyme activity is measured
(ww.nstad.org, n.d.).
Advantages to screening are:
● Screening can detect a early problem
● Can reduce the chance of the condition developing further
● Treatment is more effective when the disease is found early
Disadvantages to screening are:
● Screening isn't 100% accurate
● Screening can lead to difficult decisions. For example, if a pregnancy screening test
informs the baby has a higher chance of a condition the parents may face a difficult
decision about further tests (NHS, 2018).
● Finding out about a health problem could cause anxiety.
Protection, prevention and health promotion are the 3P’s in public health. Promotion involves
empowerment, encouragement and engaging individuals and communities for healthier
options and making informed choices for a positive impact on diet and health. It also
empowers individuals to take control over their own decisions and choices to reduce harm of
disease caused by smoking or drinking. The advantage of health promotion is that
individuals are free to improve their own health without force. As a result, this allows
people's health to improve as they are willing to take measures to improve their health. In
addition, health promotion also focuses on minimising the spread of communicable diseases
through regulations to make sure standards are followed to protect public health. Help to
reduce risk factors that create possible danger to the public is the protection regulation of
public health.
Individuals need protection from transmittable diseases along with environmental,
radiological and chemical hazards. This is done by professionals coming together to locate
hazards, this allows them to deteriorate the danger. As a result, it is critical these experts
can modify health protection to meet the issues.
Figure 2: Data
Conditions of Derbyshire Derbyshire Derbyshire UK 2020
health 2021 2015 2007
Childhood There was a There were a There was a 23.4% of
obesity rate count of 1885 count of 1260 count of 1245 children are
cases. cases. cases. obese.
Making 22.4% Making 17% of Overall 16.8%
of year 6 obese. year 6 obese of year 6 pupils
were obese.
The trend being
obesity in
children is
increasing and
getting worse.
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