100% tevredenheidsgarantie Direct beschikbaar na je betaling Lees online óf als PDF Geen vaste maandelijkse kosten
logo-home
Eerder door jou gezocht
Eerder door jou gezocht
logo
Summary Issues and Debates Notes (AQA A-Level Psychology) $13.94
In winkelwagen
Snel navigeren naar
Voorbeeld
  2.  
  3. AQA
  4.  
  5. Psychology
  6.  
  7. Issues and Debates

Samenvatting

Summary Issues and Debates Notes (AQA A-Level Psychology)
 0 keer verkocht
  • Vak
  • Issues and Debates
  • Instelling
  • AQA
  • Boek
  • The Complete Companion for AQA, Psychology A Level

Issues and Debates Notes (AQA A-Level Psychology) This document covers all content on Issues and Debates (AQA A-Level Psychology). The notes are very detailed but only include what is relevant to the course. There are abbreviations throughout that you should understand as a psychology student, b...

[Meer zien]

Voorbeeld 3 van de 20  pagina's

Document informatie

  • Nee
  • The chapter on issues and debates
  • 23 augustus 2023
  • 20
  • 2023/2024
  • Samenvatting

Onderwerpen

  • aqa
  • alevel psychology
  • issues and debates

Gekoppeld boek

book image

Titel boek:

Auteur(s):

  • Uitgave:
  • ISBN:
  • Druk:

Geschreven voor

  • A/AS Level
  • AQA
  • Psychology
  • Issues and Debates
Alle documenten voor dit vak (248)

Verkoper

avatar-seller
evalancaster

Ontvangen beoordelingen

Voorbeeld van de inhoud

Issues and Debates
Notes

Paper 3 - Section A

,Gender bias

Androcentrism
● Acknowledgement the world is still dominated by men / this affects psychology
● Androcentrism can result in alpha or beta bias
● The aim is to achieve universality - theories / methods that apply to all people, but may
reflect real differences between men and women
● E.g Research into fight or flight, is usually conducted with male animals
● It’s been assumed only male samples are needed - what’s true for males is for F
● BUT Taylor challenged this - provided evidence females produce a tend / befriend response
at times of stress which is adaptive to ensure the survival of the offspring
● This beta bias meant that a real difference was ignored

Alpha bias

- Exaggerates differences between M and W / usually devalues one gender as a result
- Causes a misrepresentation of behaviour as researchers overestimate gender differences
- E.g Freud’s view of women as being incomplete men - Penis envy & Oedipal complex
- E.g Freud viewed femininity as failed masculinity - exaggerated differences
- E.g Men often diagnosed more with SZ / only as women mask symptoms (Cotton)

Beta Bias

- Assumption that what is true for men is also true for women (VV)
- Potentially minimising / ignoring differences that may exist between M and W women
- Causes a a misrepresentation of behaviour as researchers minimise gender differences
- E.g Assuming findings from male studies (Asch/Zimbardo) can be applied to women
- E.g Findings in ForF research are based on males / animals, but due to womens
- E.g difference in hormones they’re more likely to ‘tend / befriend’ - differences ignored


Evaluation

Feminist psychology
● A way to counter androcentrism is take a feminist perspective
● Feminist psychology aims to redress imbalances in theory and research
● FP agrees there are biologically based sex differences but socially determined stereotypes
are far greater contributions to perceived differences
● A way to redress the balance is to show evidence women may be ‘inferior’ to provide them
with greater support
● Eagly claimed women might be less effective leaders than men
● BUT, this knowledge should be used to develop suitable training to ensure women become
more effective leaders
● Demonstrates how feminist psychology seeks to understand behaviour in terms of social
processes and thus find a way to greater equality

Implications of gender bias
● Gender biassed research creates misleading assumptions about female behaviour
● They allow discriminatory views / practices to take place
● E.g giving a scientific basis for ideas about the impact of PMS on women in work
● Results have a damaging effect on women's lives / makes them feel inferior
● May lead to depression as women feel they’re looked down on due to biological differences
● Suggests gender bias research has real life implications that affects the health and
wellbeing of women in society (as well as methodological problems)

, Sexism within the research process
● Women are less likely to be senior at research level
● Means they’re less involved in setting questions for research / less likely their work will be published
in journals etc…
● Lab experiments disadvantage women - male researchers have the power to label them irrational /
unable to perform complex tasks (Nicholson)

Bias in research methods
● Psychological theories are gender bias as methods used are biassed
● Rosenthal found male experimenter are more pleasant / friendly to F than M p’s
● The resulted in male p’s seeming to performer less well on the tasks
● Feminists argue lab experiments disadvantage women
● Findings created in controlled labs tell us very little about the experience of women
outside the lab setting
● E.g a meta analysis by Eagly & Johnson showed leadership styles for women were judged
more similar to men in a real life setting than in a lab setting
● Suggests there are issues with how data is collected that creates a false picture

Reflexivity
● Increasing awareness of the importance of the bias we bring to our own research - the
need to acknowledge and be aware of it (we can’t avoid it)
● E.g Claire Drambrin and Caroline Lambert in their study of the lack of women in executive
positions, reflect on their own gender related experience of such events

Reverse alpha bias
● Emphasise the difference between M / F, but view this difference in a positive light
● Strategy used to counter gender bias
● E.g Cornwell: Women better at learning as more attentive / flexible / organised
● Such research challenges the stereotypes that in any gender differences the male position
must be better - changes preconceptions

Avoiding beta bias
● Equal treatment for M / F (beta bias) has + / - consequences for women e.g equal pay
● Some believe arguing for equality in M / F draws attention away from women's needs
● In society where a group has power, neutral actions end up benefiting the powerful
● E.g equality mat/paternity leave undervalues biological demands on a woman (pregnancy,
birth, breastfeeding) - thus disadvantaging a woman
● Suggest we should avoid beta bias to ensure significant differences are accounted for

Essentialism
● Based on the idea gender differences are fixed in nature (determinist link)
● Outdated ‘biological facts’ were used to maintain inferior position of women
● E.g 1930s - going to uni would shrivel ovaries = less chance of children

Assumptions (e.g sexual selection) need to be examined
● Gender bias continues to go unchallenged
● Darwin’s ideas of sexual selection still used - are they inherently sexist / outdated?
● Key idea is women are more coy about sex as they need to be more choosy
● As they have more to invest / more to lose
● More recent research shows some are equally aggressive and competitive at times and it is
an adaptive strategy for women to have more than one partner
● Highlights the importance of challenging gender research to ensure research portrays a
valid picture of women

Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!

In een paar klikken geregeld

In een paar klikken geregeld

Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of je Stuvia-tegoed en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.

Direct to-the-point

Direct to-the-point

Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper evalancaster. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor $13.94. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 65004 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Begin nu gratis

Laatst bekeken door jou

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

CLC 056 Analyzing Contract Costs Exam (98% grade) 54/55 answered correct

Samenvatting ·

(0)

Samenvatting Belastingrecht 2 - College 1 t/m 3

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

NUR2214/ Nursing Care of the Older Adult - Quiz 1(Latest 2022/2023)

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(1)

EDR 610 Quiz 4 Latest–Questions and Answers (Graded A)

Voordeelbundel ·

(0)

NR 599 Nursing Informatics For Advanced Practice BUNDLE with Final Exam & Study Guides.

Overig ·

(0)

Nur 101 Angioplasty ATI Learning Template

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

NCSBN ON-LINE REVIEW Questions And Answers , 100% Correct, Download To Score A

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

Physical Assessment Final Week 8

$13.94
  • (0)
In winkelwagen
Toegevoegd