Exam 3: Diabetes Questions with Correct Solutions Graded A+

70-110 mg/dL Insulin lowers blood glucose and facilitates a stable, normal glucose range of approximately ____ to _____ mg/dL Gluconeogenesis The rise in plasma insulin after a meal inhibits _______________, enhances fat deposition of adipose tissue, and increases protein synthesis Insulin Type 1 Diabetes This is an autoimmune disorder, in which the body develops antibodies against __________, and/or the pancreatic B-cells that produce _________ 80%-90% Type 1 Diabetes Autoantibodies to the islet cells cause a reduction in ____ to _____ of normal function before hyperglycemia and other manifestations occur Genetic Type 1 Diabetes A ___________ predisposition and exposure to a virus are factors that may contribute to the pathogenesis of immune-related type 1 DM Idiopathic Type 1 Diabetes _________ diabetes is a form of type 1 DM that is strongly inherited and not related to autoimmunity Latent Type 1 Diabetes ___________ autoimmune diabetes in adults is a slowly progressing autoimmune form of diabetes and is often mistaken for type 2 DM Ketoacidosis Type 1 Diabetes Once the pancreas can no longer produce sufficient amounts of insulin to maintain normal glucose, patients are initially seen with impending or actual __________ Polydipsia Polyuria Polyphagia Type 1 Diabetes The patient usually has classic symptoms such as: -Excessive thirst -Frequent urination -Excessive hunger What are the terms for these? Genetic Type 2 Diabetes __________ mutations that result in insulin resistance and a higher risk for obesity have been found in many people with type 2 DM Hyperglycemia Type 2 DM Metabolic Abnormalities When insulin is not properly used, the entry of glucose into the cell is impeded, resulting in _______________ Insulin Type 2 DM Metabolic Abnormalities A second factor in the development of type 2 DM is the decrease in the ability of the pancreas to produce _________, as the B cells become fatigued from the compensatory overproduction of insulin or when the B cell mass is lost Liver Type 2 DM Metabolic Abnormalities One of the third factors is the inappropriate glucose production by the _________. Adipokines Type 2 DM Metabolic Abnormalities These are thought to cause chronic inflammation, a factor involved in insulin resistance, type 2 DM, and cardiovascular disease. Metabolic Type 2 DM Metabolic Abnormalities __________ syndrome causes people to be at an increased risk for the development of type 2 DM and has 5 components: elevated glucose levels, abdominal obesity, elevated BP, high levels of triglycerides, and decreased levels of HDLs 3 Type 2 DM Metabolic Abnormalities An individual with _____ of the five components of metabolic syndrome is said to have metabolic syndrome A1C levels Type 2 DM Metabolic Abnormalities One of the indicators that someone has type 2 DM are elevated glucose/glycostated hemoglobin levels, otherwise known as _______ 50%-80% Type 2 DM Metabolic Abnormalities The signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia develop when about ____ to ______ percent of B cells are no longer secreting insulin Prediabetes This is defined as an impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, or both. It is an intermediate stage between normal glucose homeostasis and diabetes, in which the blood glucose levels are elevated but not high enough to meet the diagnostic criteria for diabetes. Prediabetes Encourage those with _________ to have their blood glucose and A1C checked regularly and monitor for symptoms of diabetes such as fatigue, frequent infections, or slow healing wounds Gestational Diabetes Women with this have a higher risk for C-section deliveries, and their babies have increased risk for perinatal death, birth injury, and neonatal complications B-cell Conditions that may cause diabetes can result from injury to, interference with, or destruction of the ______ function in the pancreas. These include Cushing syndrome, hyperthyroidism, recurrent pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, hemochromatosis, and parenteral nutrition Polyphagia Type 1 DM Clinical Manifestations This is a consequence of either cellular malnourishment when insulin deficiency prevents utilization of glucose for energy. Weight Type 1 DM Clinical Manifestations ________ loss may occur because the body cannot get glucose and turns to other energy sources, such as fat and protein yeast candidal wound visual Type 2 DM Clinical Manifestations 1. Fatigue 2. Recurrent infections 3. Recurrent vaginal _______ 4. _________ infections 5. prolonged ________ healing 6. __________ changes 6.5% DM Diagnostic Studies an A1C level of _____% or higher diagnoses diabetes 126 DM Diagnostic Studies A fasting glucose level greater than or equal to _____mg/dL 200 DM Diagnostic Studies A two hour plasma glucose level greater than or equal to _____ mg/dL during an OGTT, using a glucose load of 75 g Carbohydrate DM Diagnostic Studies Factors that can falsely elevate glucose values are severe restrictions of dietary __________, acute illness, medications, and restricted activity such as bed rest Gastrointestinal DM Diagnostic Studies A patient with impaired _____________ absorption or one who has recently taken acetaminophen may have false-negative results