These are notes/a summary of the Cell Biology module which were made using the specification and CGP guide. This is for AQA Biology(triple science) Higher Tier.
Cells
Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells
Bacterium are smaller than a nucleus
Cell membrane - holds the cell together and controls
substances that move in & out of the cell DNA loop/plasmids -holds genetic information/ DNA
Cytoplasm - holds the organelles and where most Cell wall - holds its shape
chemical reactions happen → made of murein
Ribosomes - produces protein, on ribosomes
Mitochondria - releases energy Flagella - propels the bacteria in liquid(stem have)
Nucleus - directs the activities of the cell Plasmid - hold genetic material(sometimes in
eukaryotic)
Divide by mitosis Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes
Cell wall - provides shape for a plant cell No mitochondria(are smaller than mitochondria)
→ cellulose
Chloroplasts - uses sunlight to make nutrients, Divide by binary fission, (as often as every 20 min)
photosynthesis
Vacuoles - stores food, water, nutrients, provides Factors that limit binary fission:
support for the plant - Amount of nutrients/oxygen
- Sustainable temperature
Cell wall:
- stop water entering the cell Bacteria can be grown in a nutrient broth solution
- through osmosis or a colonies on an agar gel plate
- so the cell will not burst
Cell - fundamental unit of living organisms
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
Stem Cells Meristem cells - cells found in shoot tips(and root
A cell that is genetically made and used to make tips) of plants and can be used to grow clones of a
clones of patient cells, not differentiated plant
+ Quick & cheap plants produced
How stem cells are grown - + Rare species cloned
1) embryo nucleus replaced with patients + Desired features copied, resistant to diseases
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