Class notes

Lecture Notes BB I TB4 L3

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Course
Brain And Behaviour I (PSY00002C)

Institution
The University Of York (UOY)

This is a well-rounded lecture summary of "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging” lecture in the Fourth Teaching Block in the Brain and Behaviour module, Year 1. The collection of notes form both the slides provided before the lecture and the actual lecture. It contains all the key points nec...

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Uploaded on August 26, 2023
Number of pages 4
Written in 2021/2022
Type Class notes
Professor(s) Silke goebel
Contains All classes

functional
magnetic
resonance
imaging
university of york
psychology
brain and behaviour
first year

Institution
The University of York (UOY)
Education Unknown
Course
Brain And Behaviour I (PSY00002C)

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Lecture Notes BB I Teaching Block 4

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ALL Lecture Notes in Brain and Behaviour I UoY

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15. Class notes - Lecture notes bb i tb1 l3
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3. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

1. Functional Neuroimaging: Basic Idea
o Neural activity consumes energy. To provides this energy, the cardiovascular system delivers glucose
and oxygen towards the active brain regions. Therefore, if we can track cerebral blood flow (and its
contents), we can localize regions with high activations.
o Why is localization important?
 A common view of the mind (and brain) is that it is modularised, with different modules being
involved in specific functions.
 The idea of modularity is around for quite a time, and although challenged more recently, still
provides a parsimonious framework for how the mind is organized
 By localising different cognitive functions, we can, for example, make inferences about their role in
the processing hierarchy or their similarity or dissimilarity
o Components of an MRI scanner- Three key components:
 A big magnet, creating a strong static magnetic field (>1 Tesla)
 Radiofrequency coils, to apply radiofrequency pulses to the participants
 Gradient coils, modulating the magnetic field
o MRI Safety - Strong magnetic fields yield hazards:
 Ferromagnetic objects are very strongly attracted
 Metallic objects can move or heat up
 General rule #1: Do under no circumstances get close to an MRI with any metal on you!
 General rule #2: The scanner is always ON!
2. Mr Physics and Structural Imaging
o Nuclear Spins and Precession
 Atoms are composed of protons, which have different quantum spins (often described as a “turning”
around an axis > magnetic orientation).
 When atoms have an odd amount of nuclear spins, atoms have a magnetic moment: They behave like
little magnetic rods. Most prominently found in the human body, these are protons (H+).
 The magnetization of these nuclei is exploited in MRI (MRI was previously called “Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance”)
 In addition to their magnetic moment, the protons “precess” around their magnetic moment: they
constantly wobble (invarte) around their magnetic direction.
 This will become important for measuring the MRI signal later…
o Aligning Nuclear Spins and Net Magnetization
 Normally, spin directions are randomly distributed
 Applying a constant external magnetic field aligns the spins with the external field
 From now on, we will look at “voxels” as spatial measurement units
 The size of the voxels determines the spatial resolution of the fMRI measurements
 The voxel size we can achieve depends on multiple factors, such as the
scanner used and the type of image taken
 Importantly, there is an overall net magnetization: Around 6 spins per
million align along a preferential direction (at a field strength of 1Tesla)
 These few per million are the signal we work with. The higher the field
strength, the higher the net magnetization, the better the signal!
 Spins forming the net magnetisation all point in the same direction, creating
a magnetisation along the direction of the external field (here z-direction),
which is usually along the body
 But their precession (their “wiggling”) is not aligned, and therefore no
magnetization orthogonal to the z-direction
o Using Magnetic Resonance to Measure a Signal
 Spins prefer to be aligned with the external magnetic field, as this is the
lowest-energy state

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