Summary A table that literally has everything you need to know for trade union civil rights in the USA
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Course
Civil rights in the USA (Y319)
Institution
OCR
History A level can be overwhelming - especially the USA civil rights module, but do not fret! This Table I created for my exam has literally EVERYTHING you need to know for the trade union civil rights in the period (which is the time frame for A level)
It is organised into columns designed espe...
See the attached powerpoints. Add facts in each of the columns . These facts should have dates.
Trade unions Gilded Age 1900-1930 (not Black Power- how did Why was there a
in 30 marker) New Deal- (ND ERA End of 40’s and 50’s. this affect the civil marked decline in or-
FACT BANK 19th Century-Closed shop- 1933-45) rights group? ganised labour from
Key terms = Collect- where one trade union Divided uni- the late 1970's?
ive bargaining dominated a 1908- Erdman By 1933, only 10% of ons and CONTEXT
Referred to the po- workplace.Both unskilled Act was the workforce was in a workers - The weakening of or-
tential of workers to and skilled workers faced deemed union as they did not meant less DEBATE : " Federal ganised labour can be
gain change through poor working conditions. unconstitutiona have the right to take collective power changed the explained by closer
unions/mass numbers l in Adair v. strike action. bargaining. workplace more than examination of four
Some young children
United States Employers were anti- unions" main areas of change
worked in factories.
Welfare capitalism – strikes: the police and DID LIFE GET BETTER in the last three dec-
This allowed
strike-breakers were FOR WORKERS AFTER Big shift you see in the ades of the twentieth
Welfare Capital- discrimination
deployed to stop 1945? 60's which was century, all of which
ism- good in theory Key issues in the workplace
workers from striking ultimately going to are connected.
because it gives work- against potential
Peace time stopped help trade unions.
ers benefits, but the In the early period: or existing
Continuity = Still the short term 1. The changing
motive behind it employees on
disputes between benefits of more Federal agreement economy and
-No employer liability - the basis of
shows that employers employers and their government increased employer structure of
Employers were reluctant to union
just wanted to keep employees. monitoring e.g wage liability and unions American
promote the welfare and membership.
workers. There was increase halted. industry
safety of their workers.
no regulation on the Divisions between 1960s led to alignment
amount of benefits so -Workers lacked bargaining trade unions Gov. reluctant to between different civil 2. The changing
bigger companies power. -If you have This served to themselves. empower unions - rights groups and more composition
would be paying bargaining power in a reduce the fear of communism media attention. The of the work
more in comparison negotiation you are treated number of Problem / could go in meant that any form Vietnam War increased force
to small companies as an equal. (you can labourers political of violent and scrutiny of the
negotiate well) attached to assertive opposition government and led to 3. The shift in
establish unions, -Still an anti-union from union action more protests. the balance
,workers gained benefits -Lack of federal regulation restricting their approach from would be dealt with of power
e.g. shorter hours from ability to government harshly – many linked More indirect between
employers due to eco- collectively it to 'socialism' legislation to help
Working conditions in the employers
nomic growth CAVEAT - bargain for Employers still hostile: workers due to
intended to stop strikes 19th century = Really long and the
hours, risky additional rights. President Truman alignment of civil labour unions
-Other steel (1940’s) rights groups/media
=These cases attention 4. The changing
Discrimination towards companies, such as In 1947, President
Problems that this show a
immigrants - post civil war commitment Republic Steel and Truman failed to veto political
group faced in this •1964 Civil Rights Act
there is the idea of Amer- from the Inland Steel, did not the labour attitudes and
period?
ica being a melting pot immediately follow the management Economic policies
Supreme
example of US Steel. relations act Opportunity Act 1964
- workers found the im- restricting the power
migrants as a threat. Em- In the 1908 The result was and activities of trade •Occupational Safety
Attitudes of federal and Health Act 1970 Carter
ployers did not sometimes ‘Danbury violence: when an unions. In addition,
power?
employ immigrants as Hatters’ case, unarmed crowd Truman used this Pre-1970s the court Carter: is pro change
They were worried about the Supreme supporting the Steel legislation 12 times tried to obstruct the
tension. Workers Organizing during his presidency power of trade unions •1977- President
Evidence of Court upheld
Committee’s strike in order to hinder the and supported Jimmy Carter and
campaigning/workers the use of the
-Immigrant workers faced Sherman Anti- against Republic Steel progression of labour laissez-faire Congress established
? / Immigration.
lots and lots of discrimina- were assaulted by rights. capitalism. the hourly minimum
Trust Act to ban Chicago police, ten wage at $2.65.
Workers? tion and were paid less
secondary people were killed Harry Truman was Later S/C was more
boycotts. positive 1973 United •Carter was
-some of these unions are and 80 wounded in committed to ‘Fair
Economic committed to
not very inclusive the Memorial Day Deal’. This States v. Enmons
developments? improving the quality
Massacre. 30 May encompassed civil of life for poor
-Lack of federal interven- In 1921, the 1937. rights and social
Political people.
developments? tion e.g Law. Court ruled, in reform. He ‘Great Society’
Truax v. The strike at Inland demonstrated this Kennedy and
Corrigan, that Steel came to an end Johnson (1960s)
when he tried to veto • However, the
lower courts after five weeks when
Federal power is hostile the Taft-Harley Act. AFL-CIO’s
could issue employees went back
-Employers were reluctant to work without union attempt to
President Kennedy did
to acknowledge collective injunctions recognition or other introduce
against union attempt to help
,bargaining members, gains. Roosevelt’s succes- different ethnic groups reforms to the
Why were workers in the prohibiting sor, President Harry and poorer workers National
19th century unhappy? them from The New Deal marked Truman, was less ac- through his ‘New Labor
striking or a change e.g there was tive in promoting Frontier’ (social Relations Act
1. Wages picketing. a shift from laissez- union rights, and was reform) . (1935) failed.
faire politics to infuriated by a wave Unfortunately,
Active discrimina- 1915 Coppage v paternalism. -“Federal service
of strikes in 1946, but Kennedy lacked
tion by employers - Kansas 1915. labor-Management
he did use his veto to congressional support
female workers =upheld the relations act- 1978
-BLUE PRINT. block the anti-union eg 1961 Congress
were paid less than legality of 1947 Taft-Hartley rejected a bill to raise -prohibits federal
men yellow dog Laissez-faire Act, though Congress the minimum wage. employees from
-AA workers/immigrant contracts government policies: overrode this. engaging in strikes,
workers paid less -an agreement less regulation on thus forcing Johnson to work, stoppages,
1. Long hours for between an business meant that Furthermore, in 1952 take on his Great slowdowns, or other
workers -Lack of employer and employers could lay off Truman temporarily Society, which was forms of job actions.
regulation employees in workers and change took control of the also concerned with
which the working hours. steel industry when poverty and not labour
2. No employer
employees companies rejected rights in general. Reagan = comes into
liability agreed not to -Herbert Hoover, the Wage Stabiliza- power and wants to
join a labor His equal pay act of
3. Dangerous Calvin Coolidge and tion Board’s recom- get the economy go-
union. 1963 promoted the
working Warren Harding were mendations. An eight ing. Cold war is also
republican presidents week strike followed principle of ‘equal pay
conditions = his priority. //could
//These who believed in when the Supreme for equal work’. This
be compared to Tru-
In 1889, 2000 railway measures did Laissez-faire approach Court found the pres- amended the Fair
man. The PATCO
workers were killed in much damage to business and self ident’s action uncon- Labor Standards Act strike would be bad
accidents. to trade unions, help. -did not stitutional. (1938). for the economy
membership intervene or regulate therefore explains
falling from 5 business. why Reagan was so
Federal power is not very million in 1920 Coolidge : “The Although the Civil forceful with this par-
proactive to under 3 business of American Truman and Rights Act of 1964 ticular event.
For the most part many million by the business is business.” Eisenhower are reduced discrimination
measures are ignored by occupied by the cold in the workplace, this
end of the
the employers war and is not so focus on job creation
, decade, only ten supportive to trade and poverty prevented Reagan- Anti-Trade
EARLY PRESIDENTS per cent of the nation’s industrial union rights. labour unions from Unions ( 1981-89)
WERE COMMITTED workforce. achieving more
TO LAISSEZ-FAIRE Keating-Owen -NEGATIVE
1947 Taft Hartley Act rights.Presidents such
CAPITALISM Child Labor Less anti union (labour management as Nixon and Carter View of workers =
Act 1916. attitude= The relations act) did attempt to increase
Presidents such as Grant He realises that he
This sought to Supreme Court led the labour union rights, needs workers in the
and Cleveland were This act producing reformative
address the issue way in adopting a less workplace to get the
committed to supporting made it il- legislation.
of child labor by anti-union attitude. economy going.
employers in their bid to legal for
control or prevent labour prohibiting the .
=the Supreme Court unions to
rights from growing. sale in interstate operate a
commerce of was the 1930 case, -He is aware that
'closed
goods produced Texas v. Brotherhood shop' and striking is action
by factories that of Railway Clerks. The affirmed that is going to
- In 1894, Cleveland used Supreme Court upheld
employed the right of Presidents such as undermine the
federal power for the first the Railway Labor Act’s
children under states to Nixon and Carter did economy and stop it
time to break up the prohibition of pass 'right attempt to increase
fourteen, mines growing. It also
Pullman strike, thus employer interference to work'
that employed labour union rights, undermines the
illustrating the full extent in the choice of laws.
children producing reformative government.
of his commitment to big bargaining
younger than legislation.
businesses. representatives. Under this PATCO (Professional
sixteen, and any
Act, the Air Traffic Controllers
(LINK TO REAGAN. facility where President
= The 1937 case, BUT, 1969 = Organization ( set up
children under could order
fourteen worked National Labor 3% of skilled in 1968)
a 60 day
after 7:00 p.m. Relations Board v. apprentice-
'cooling off'
The government is on side or before 6:00 Jones & Laughlin Steel ships held by Aims? They wanted
period prior
with the captains on in- a.m. Corporation, declared to strike black workers an $10,000 wage
dustry. the Wagner Act action. It rise.
Problem? The constitutional. also strictly
American governments in- law was never regulated Shorter hours (32
tervened in the economy enforced it and the con- hours a week rather
only at times of emer- the Supreme Presidents and Con- duct of uni- than 42 hours per
gency. Court deemed it gress also played a ma- ons in their week)
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