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Samenvatting - Persoonlijkheidspsychologie
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Samenvatting persoonlijkheidspsychologie eerste jaar toegepaste psychologie AP
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Inhoudsopgave1 Persoonlijkheid, een introductie ............................................................................................ 4
1.1 Wat is persoonlijkheid? ................................................................................................................. 4
1. Kenmerkende individuele verschillen .............................................................................................. 4
2. Karakter ................................................................................................................................................. 5
3. Temperament ...................................................................................................................................... 5
4. Denken, voelen, doen ........................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 Stabiliteit van persoonlijkheid .................................................................................................... 6
1.3 Erfelijkheid van persoonlijkheid ................................................................................................ 7
1.4 Zelf en identiteit .............................................................................................................................. 7
2 Klassieke modellen van persoonlijkheid ............................................................................ 9
2.1 Inleiding .............................................................................................................................................. 9
2.2 Sigmund Freud en de psychoanalyse ...................................................................................... 9
2.2.1 Hysterie .................................................................................................................................... 10
2.2.2 Psyche in drievoud ............................................................................................................... 10
2.2.3 Dynamiek: verdringing ...................................................................................................... 11
2.2.4 Economisch: driften ............................................................................................................ 11
2.2.5 Economie vervolg: libido ................................................................................................... 11
2.2.6 Id / es ....................................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.7 Ego / ich ................................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.8 Superego / Uber-ich ?? ...................................................................................................... 12
2.2.9 Kritiek op Freud .................................................................................................................... 12
2.3 Fred Skinner en het behaviorisme ......................................................................................... 13
2.3.1 Operante conditionering .................................................................................................... 13
2.3.2 Positieve en negatieve bekrachtiging (pagina 56) ....................................................... 14
2.3.3 Shaping .................................................................................................................................... 14
2.3.4 Bekrachtigingssamenhang ................................................................................................ 15
2.3.5 De continuïteit van gedrag en bijgeloof ...................................................................... 15
2.3.6 Het extinctieprobleem ........................................................................................................ 15
2.3.7 Tegen mentalisme................................................................................................................ 15
2.3.8 Zelfbeheersing ....................................................................................................................... 16
2.3.9 ‘De’ emoties............................................................................................................................ 16
2.3.10 Neurotisch niet-weten ........................................................................................................ 16
2.3.11 Pathologisch gedrag ............................................................................................................ 16
2.3.12 Psychotherapie ...................................................................................................................... 17
2.3.13 Het ontwerpen van cultuur ............................................................................................... 17
2.4 Carl Rogers en het humanisme ............................................................................................... 17
2.4.1 De actualisatietendens en organische waardering .................................................. 17
2.4.2 Onvoorwaardelijke waardering ....................................................................................... 18
2.4.3 Empathie ................................................................................................................................. 18
2.4.4 Congruentie/echtheid ......................................................................................................... 18
2.4.5 Defensiviteit ........................................................................................................................... 18
Herstellen van scheefgroei ................................................................................................................. 19
Persoon van de toekomst ................................................................................................................... 19
1
, 2.5 George Kelly en het cognitivisme ........................................................................................... 19
2.5.1 Gedrag als uitkomst van een voorspelling ................................................................. 19
2.5.2 Voorspellen door middel van constructen ................................................................... 20
2.5.3 Dichotoom contrastdenken ............................................................................................... 20
2.5.4 Het constructsysteem ......................................................................................................... 20
Vrije keuze en stoutmoedigheid....................................................................................................... 20
Vijandigheid en slechte wetenschappers ...................................................................................... 21
2.5.5 Constructie van anderen ................................................................................................... 21
Constructie van jezelf .......................................................................................................................... 21
2.5.6 Roltherapie.............................................................................................................................. 22
2.6 Kleine samenvatting .................................................................................................................... 22
3 Een moderne kijk op persoonlijkheid ................................................................................ 23
3.1 Inleiding en jezelf beschrijven ................................................................................................. 23
Persoonspraat .............................................................................................................................................. 23
3.2 De lexicale hypothese ................................................................................................................. 24
3.3 Taxonomieën .................................................................................................................................. 25
3.3.1 De taxonomie van Cattell .................................................................................................. 25
3.3.2 Het Big-Five model van persoonlijkheidseigenschappen ...................................... 26
3.3.3 Volledigheid Big Five? ......................................................................................................... 28
3.3.4 Five factor-theory................................................................................................................. 29
3.4 Hiërarchie van structuren .......................................................................................................... 29
3.4.1 Extraversie .............................................................................................................................. 30
3.4.2 Neuroticisme .......................................................................................................................... 30
3.4.3 Psychoticisme ........................................................................................................................ 30
3.4.4 Hierarchie ................................................................................................................................ 30
3.4.5 Recenter model ..................................................................................................................... 31
4 Nature en nurture ........................................................................................................................ 32
4.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................ 32
4.2 Persoonlijkheid – nature en nurture ...................................................................................... 32
4.2.1 Genetisch onderzoek ........................................................................................................... 32
4.2.2 Wisselwerking genen en omgeving ............................................................................... 34
4.3 Cultuur en persoonlijkheid ........................................................................................................ 35
4.3.1 Overeenkomsten .................................................................................................................. 38
5 Intermenselijke verschillen, gezondheid en coping ................................................... 39
5.1 Sekseverschillen in persoonlijkheid ....................................................................................... 39
5.2 De rol van persoonlijkheid in relaties .................................................................................... 42
5.3 De rol van persoonlijkheid op werk en op school ............................................................. 43
5.4 Het verband tussen persoonlijkheid en gezondheid ........................................................ 44
5.4.1 4 type personen met verhoogd risico ........................................................................... 45
5.5 Persoonlijkheid en coping .......................................................................................................... 46
6 Persoonlijkheidsonderzoeken................................................................................................ 47
6.1 Kwaliteit ............................................................................................................................................ 47
6.2 Soorten persoonlijkheidstests .................................................................................................. 47
2
, 6.2.1 Stukje geschiedenis............................................................................................................. 47
6.2.2 Projectieve tests ................................................................................................................... 47
6.2.3 Lindzey (1959)→ Doen beroep op het onbewuste. ........................................................................ 47
6.2.4 Observatie ............................................................................................................................... 48
6.2.5 Persoonlijkheidsvragenlijsten .......................................................................................... 49
6.3 Waarom? .......................................................................................................................................... 51
6.4 Problemen ........................................................................................................................................ 51
6.5 Belevingsonderzoek ..................................................................................................................... 51
6.5.1 Wanneer .......................................................................................................................................... 51
6.5.2 Doel ................................................................................................................................................. 52
6.5.3 Inhoud ............................................................................................................................................. 52
6.5.4 Interpretatie .................................................................................................................................... 52
6.6 Oefenen ............................................................................................................................................ 53
7 Gastcollege Persoonlijkheidsonderzoek ................................................................................................. 54
7.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................... 54
7.2 Onderzoeksmiddelen ........................................................................................................................... 54
7.2.1 Anamnese........................................................................................................................................ 55
7.2.2 Klinische observaties ....................................................................................................................... 55
7.2.3 Multi-method assessement............................................................................................................. 55
3
, 1 Persoonlijkheid, een introductie
1.1 Wat is persoonlijkheid?
“Persoonlijkheid heeft betrekking op de kenmerkende individuele verschillen
tussen mensen in de manier waarop ze denken, zich voelen en zich gedragen.
Deze individuele verschillen zijn (datgeen wat mensen van elkaar onderscheid)
• vrij stabiel
• deels genetisch bepaald
• openbaren zich in verschillende situaties.”
1. Kenmerkende individuele verschillen
Kenmerken = trekken (traits)
→ de eigenschappen die verschillen tussen mensen beschrijven
Average tendencies – gemiddelde gedragsneigingen
Bv. Tessa is extravert → Is ze dit altijd? NEE
• Bv iemand die heel sociaal is kan door depressie en bepaalde periode niet
meer sociaal zijn
De trekpsychologie → bestudeert deze traits
Doel: → basisdimensies van persoonlijkheid
• Beschrijvende functie
= mensen te gaan beschrijven
• Verklarende functie
= gedrag gaan verklaren
• Voorspellende functie
= toekomstig gedrag proberen te voorspellen & verklaren
4
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