Psychological Science, 6th International Student Edition
These are all lecture notes for the course: Introduction to Psychology. I listened to each of the lectures and typed them all out, including illustrations for clarification. It really contains everything you need to know before the exam!
*With my notes, I did not get lower than 7 for all courses ...
TEST BANK FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 6th Edition By Michael S. Gazzaniga | COMPLETE All Chapters (2024-2025)
TEST BANK FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 6 th Edition By Michael S. Gazzaniga | COMPLETE GUIDE VERIFIED A+ (2024-2025)
TEST BANK FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 6 th Edition By Michael S. Gazzaniga | COMPLETE GUIDE VERIFIED A+ (2024-2025)
All for this textbook (11)
Written for
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
Psychologie
Inleiding in de Psychologie (P_BINLPSY)
All documents for this subject (46)
2
reviews
By: maxrosenthal • 1 year ago
By: kasperbleeker • 1 year ago
Seller
Follow
emaass123
Reviews received
Content preview
Inleiding psychologie hoorcollege 1 06-09-2022
• The genetic basis
- Each cell has a nucleus (celkern) which contains all the DNA
- In the human nucleus are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
- Chromosomes are made up of coiled strands of DNA in a double helix
shape → connected through A, T, C, G (nucleotide)
- Genes → meaningful sections of the DNA molecule → contain the code
for one protein, which are made by ribosomes
- Gene expression → whether a gene is turned ‘on’ or ‘of’;
when the gene from the DNA is transcribed to RNA to make a protein
(than the gene will be turned on)
- In each cell, some genes are expressed at any point of time and others
are not → this is controlled by the biochemical environment in the cell
(influenced by the environment outside the cell, experience,
development etc.)
- Ga je elke dag naar de gym dan zal er spraken zijn van genenexpressie in
je spiercellen, doe je dat niet, dan niet.
- Genotype → an organisms specific set of genes
(In principle this set of genes is the same for every cell)
- Phenotype → visible traits of an organism → determined by genotype x
environment (experience, past and present)
- Each gene is paired with another gene → located at corresponding
positions on pairs of chromosomes
- Allele: specific variant of gene
→ dominant or recessive
- Locus: place where allele is attached to the
chromosome
- A specific trait or behavior is determined by the
interaction between the environment (past and
present) and one or multiple gene pairs
- → for example: development of schizophrenia → not just the function of
the environment and one specific gene, but the function of environment
in combination of multiple genes (= polygenetic inheritance)
- Genome → name for an organisms complete set of genes → is shaped
by evolution over the years = Darwin’s Evolution Theory
• Evolution by natural selection
- Charles Darwin hypothesized that all modern organisms:
• Are descended from a small set of shared ancestors
• Have merged over time through the process of evolution
, - The key mechanism of evolution is natural selection (= organisms who
are better adapted to their environment, are more likely to survive and
have offspring)
→ Three conditions:
• There’s variation among individuals of a population
• Individuals with a certain trait survive an reproduce at higher rates
than others
• The trait associated with this advantage is passed from
parents to offspring
- Specific traits will be better represented in the next generation
- The survival of genes is more important than the survival of individuals
- The evidence for modern evolutionary comes from many sources:
• The fossil record (Darwin predicted that the earth was way older and
this could be confirmed by old fossils from flora and fauna)
• The resemblance between genomes of different organisms
Apes resemble human physically and through genes (because it’s our
closest relevant)
→ Telomere at end of chromosome
→ Centromere in middle of chromosome
- Pseudogene (= same like normal gene, but can’t express the hereditary
characteristics) 2
→ Distribution of species around the world (difference: continental
islands vs oceanic islands)
Vraag: Hoe kan het dat Hawaii (omringd door water) insecten had?
Antwoord: Ze kwamen van een ander land/ continent. Reptielen etc.
konden zichzelf niet zo verplaatsen.
- Despite overwhelming evidence, many people remain skeptical about the
theory of evolution
- It does not follow that evolution:
• Somehow improves organisms, it only makes new generations
organisms better adapted
• Can only lead to rigid behavioral patterns
• Genes and environments
- Nature (genes) vs. nurture (environment) → discussion between these
two is irrelevant
→ Instead, there is a continuous interaction between genes and
environment
- Who we are, is determined by how our genes are expressed in distinct
environments
,Inleiding psychologie hoorcollege 2 07-09-2022
• Nervous system responsible for everything we think, feel or do
- Divided in:
- Central nervous system → brain + spinal cord
- Peripheral nervous system → all the other nerve cells
Includes:
• Somatic NS (voluntary behavior → reaching for object)
• Autonomic NS (less voluntary behavior → monitors the inner parts
of the body)
Sympathetic, prepares body for action
Parasympathetic, returns body to resting state
- Endocrine system, the hormone system body → primarily controlled by
hypothalamus
• Nervous system made up of two basis kinds of cells
- Glia cells → primarily supportive role
- Neurons → receive/transmit info to other cells through electric pulses
and communicate with other nerve cells through chemical signals
• Neuron
- There are different types neurons:
→ Sensory receptors, receive stimuli from environment
→ Sensory neurons, detects and carries info towards the CNS
→ Interneurons, neurons in between
→ Motor neurons, directs muscles to contract or relax
- Sensory and motor neurons work together to control movement
- Messages are received by the dendrites → processed in the cell
body → transmitted along the axon → and send to other neurons
via chemical substances released from the terminal buttons across
the synapse
, • Neurons interact via:
- Synapse → place where chemical communication occurs between
neurons
- Neurons have semi-permeable membrane, so that ions can move in and
out the cells
- Located on the membrane are ion channels
- By controlling the movement of ions, the membrane plays an important
role of in communication between neurons → regulates the
concentration of electrically charged molecules that are the basis of
neuron’s electrical activity
- Action potential (neural firing) → electrical signal that passes along the
axon = propagation
- Resting membrane potential = when neuron not active → electrical
charge inside neuron more negative then outside → (-70 mV)
• Two types of ions contribute to neurons resting membrane
• Sodium ions (NA+) en potassium ions (K+)
• Neuron at rest is polarized (-70 mw)
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller emaass123. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $9.24. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
