OCR Biology Classification 4.2.2 Revision Summary - By A* student
2 views 0 purchase
Course
Classification & evolution 4.2.2 (H420)
Institution
OCR
A revision summary of OCR A level Biology Classification & Evolution 4.2.2
Made by a student who achieved A* in A level Biology.
Covers all the points within the OCR Biology Specification.
Condenses 3 OCR specification books and class notes.
Classification Evidence for new classification kingdoms
Phylogeny – study of evolutionary relationships of - Originally classified into plant & animal kingdom (both single-celled)
molecular similarities (DNA/ RNA) shown through Phylogeny - Electron microscope revealed further details inside cells
tree - Single celled organisms shared both plant & animal features
- Common ancestor – point at which two species started to Biological molecules for classification
evolve separately. - Assumes earliest living organisms had identical biological molecules.
- Monophyletic – belong to the same phylogeny group - Differences in biological molecules are a result of evolution
Biological classification- process of sorting living things into - More similar the molecules, the more closely related, less separately
groups evolved.
Taxonomy – classifying by observable characteristics Cytochrome C – protein used in respiration
Hierarchical system – organising by groups; large groups are - Compare sequence of aa in Cytochrome C from 2 different organisms. The
subdivided. more similar the sequence the more closely related.
Taxonomic groups - (King, Philip, Called, Out, For, Good, DNA sequences – DNA code is universal = same base sequence will code for
Soup) same protein in every organisms.
- Domain – Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya - Mutations cause change, compare DNA sequence, more mutations, more
- Kingdom – Prokaryotae, Protoctista, fungi, Plantae, separately evolved.
Animalia.
- Phylum – groups of organisms with same body plan.
- Class – group with same general traits (no. of legs) New classification - 3 Domains & 6 Kingdom
- Order – additional similar information e.g. feeding Domains – each contains unique ribosomal RNA polymerase.
mechanism Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
- Family – group of closely related genera Prokaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
- Genus – groups of closely related species. 70s ribosomes 70s ribosomes 80s Ribosomes
- Species – organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile Most common Live in extreme environments Membrane-bound organelles
offspring, all occupy the same niche, some variation. - Different RNA polymerase, CSM, flagella, DNA
Binomial naming system – naming organisms by Genus & replication – not histones in bacteria.
species
- Universal recognition of the organism Archaebacteria Animalia, Plantae, Fungi,
Eubacteria
Protoctista
Kingdom Prokaryotes Protoctista Fungi Plantae Animalia
s
Cell type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic
Single-cellular Single-celled Single-celled & multi Multicellular Multicellular
DNA No nucleus - Circular Nucleus – linear DNA Nucleus – linear DNA Nucleus – linear DNA Nucleus – linear DNA
DNA DNA associated with DNA associated with DNA associated with DNA associated with
Naked DNA histones histones histones histones
Organelle No membrane bound Membrane-bound Membrane-bound Membrane-bound Membrane-bound
s Smaller ribosomes Chloroplasts (photosy) NO photosy Chloroplasts (photosy)
Structure Cilia/ undulipodium Hyphae grow into Cilia, flagella
ground
Cell wall No Chitin Cellulose No
Feeding No visible feeding Autotrophic, Saprophytic Autotrophic Heterotrophic
mechanism Heterotrophic, parasites Food stored as glycogen Food stored as glycogen
Example Bacteria - e.coli Algae’s & Amoeba Yeast Trees, grasses, All mammals
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller hyaldridge. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $7.17. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
