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Summary all persons and theories briefly summarized (cst)
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summary of all the important people and theories that are covered in contemporary sociological theories
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PersonenThomas Kuhn The Kuhn cycle. Pardigmata
Thomas - believed that people needed government to impose order
Hobbes - social contract between you and the rest of the citizens, rules of behaviour
John Locke - all people are born equal, government should protect people’s natural rights
Jean-Jacques - all people are basically good, society corrupted people
Rousseau - social contract between all members of society
- government should work for common good not wealthy few
Montesqieu - separation of powers -> legislative, executive, judicial
- allow to check against power of others -> checks and balances
Adam Smith - laissez-faire economic, no government regulation, invisible hand,
- economy would be stronger if market forces of supply and demand were
allowed to work freely
- homo economicus
Immanuel - the world has two sides: the noumenal and phenomenal side
Kant - we can only know the world through our mind, the noumenal side is
meaningless without our interpretation
George - each has an effect on the other, each could not exist without the other, each
Friedrich makes the other
Hegel - self enstrangement = throught their activity, people created a culture which
then confronted them as an alien forc
Friedrich - will to power
Nietsche - God is dead
Henri de saint- - industrial society; two classes
simon - the key to progress was a proper social organization
August Comte - interest in industrial society and the increasing division of labour
- social statistics
- social dynamics
Herbert - survival of the fittest
Spencer - social Darwinism; apply evolution theory to society
- society as an organism
Auguste - pathology-> lack of harmony between parts and the whole system
Comte
Herbert Syste - differentiation, division of labour
Émile - society’s crisis, society need a new consensus
Durkheim - the individual- sacred in our society
Talcott Parsons - how to maintain social order
- social action theory
- systems are made of order, they strive for equilibrium, are generally static, have
boundaries
Robert Merton - combining theory and empiric validation
- no status quo bias
-no grand theory
Karl Marx - scarcity because people aspire the same
- power is core of social relationships
- values + ideas are weapons in control battle
Max Weber - scarcity because people aspire the same
- power is core of social relationships
- values + ideas are weapons in control battle
- a sociologist’s task = verstehen
, - “interpretive understanding of social action: individual behaviour to which the
acting individual attaches subjective meaning”
- focus on individual behaviour as purposive action
Freud 1. Attention to the Psyche of people
2. Attention to pathologies -> psychic impact of modern society on individuals
3. Attention to pyschic ‘liberation’ -> catharsis
George - more micro than macro-sociology
simmel - universal patterns of human relationships and social behaviour
- cross-cutting conflicts: groups may have opposing interest on one aspect but
share interest on another aspect -> no neat cleavages in society (Marx)
- dyad + triad relationships
- triad strategies: mediator, taking advantage from conflict, creating conflict
Ralf - General principles about society
Dahrendof - Causes of conflict
Randall Collins • People pursue scarce goods (wealth, power, prestige) and act according to their
basic interests
• People dislike being ordered and will always do their best to avoid this
→ social conflict
• People use the resources available to them to pursue their interests
Thomas - definition of the situation: “if men define situations as real, they are real in their
Theorem consequences”.
Charles - cooly’s looking-glass:
Horton Cooley we have:
1. Imagination of our appearance to the other person
2. Imagination of his judgement of that appearance
3. Self feeling as a result of 1+2: pride or humiliation
Herbert - integration of symbolic interactionism
Blumer - basis for interaction = interpretation
- when you see an action: you seek to ascertain the actor’s intention so to
interact we us symbols, such as our verbal and non-verbal communication
- people act based upon the meaning they give to a situation. Meaning arises in
the process of interaction between people. Meanings are not stable, but can be
revised.
Ervin Goffman - analysing social action based on terms derived from the theatre. Everyday life as
theatre, with plays and public
- society consist of roles internalized by men as identity. Identity is performance
- developed the concept of dramaturgy (= a total set of techniques that make a
performance)
- essence of social reality is an imaginary construct
- social relations are organised by their appearance more than their content
- presentation of self= the role of managing social credible impressions
Alfred Schutz - focus on the life-world and are constrained by it
George - focus on explaining small group behaviour and focus on micro-orientation
homans - the focus of sociology should solely be on the individual’s actions and
behaviours
- macro sociology = nothing more than the sum of individual actions
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