GCSE Biology infection and response summary ( AQA)
41 views 1 purchase
Course
Biology
Institution
GCSE
These GCSE Biology notes provide comprehensive coverage of the topic of infection and response. You'll learn all about the defence mechanisms of the immune system, from the skin's physical barriers to the production of antibodies. The notes also cover the role of vaccination in preventing the sprea...
what is the basic unit of life and the smallest unit of organisation in living organisms?
Answer: cells
2.
what are the two main types of cells found in living organisms?
Answer: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
3.
what type of cell lacks a nucleus?
Answer: prokaryotic cells
4.
what is the function of the cell membrane?
Answer: the cell membrane regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell and provides structural support.
5.
what organelle is responsible for energy production in eukaryotic cells?
Answer: the mitochondria
6.
what is the difference between tissues and organs?
Answer: tissues are groups of similar cells working together. Whereas organs are composed of multiple tissues together to perform specific functions.
7.
what are chloroplasts and where are they found?
Answer: they are organelles found in plant cells and they are responsible for photosynthesis, converting sunlight into energy.
8.
name the organelle where protein synthesis happens.
Answer: ribosomes
9.
define passive transport.
Answer: the movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy, driven by concentration gradient.
10.
what is osmosis and why is it important for cells?
Answer: Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. It\'s crucial for maintaining water balance in cells.
GCSE Biology infection and response
Flashcards12 Flashcards
$5.170 sales
Flashcards12 Flashcards
$5.170 sales
Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
what is immunity?
Answer: Immunity is the body\'s ability to resist and fight off infections and diseases.
2.
What is an infectious disease?
Answer: An infectious disease is a disease caused by microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, or fungi that can be transmitted from one individual to another.
3.
What is the role of white blood cells in the immune response?
Answer: White blood cells, such as lymphocytes and phagocytes, are responsible for detecting and destroying pathogens in the body.
4.
How do antibiotics work against bacterial infections?
Answer: Antibiotics kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria by targeting specific bacterial structures or processes.
5.
How does HIV weaken the immune system?
Answer: HIV attacks and damages the immune system\'s white blood cells, weakening the body\'s ability to fight infections.
6.
What is the difference between a virus and a bacterium?
Answer: Viruses are smaller than bacteria and cannot reproduce on their own; they require a host cell to replicate.
Content preview
Biology topic 3
Infection and response
Communicable diseases, also known as infectious diseases, are
illnesses caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and
parasites.
Pathogens and Disease Transmission: Pathogens are
microorganisms that cause diseases. They can be transmitted
through various means, including direct contact, respiratory
droplets, contaminated food/water, and vectors such as mosquitoes.
Understanding transmission helps in preventing and controlling
outbreaks.
Bacterial Diseases: Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can
cause diseases such as tuberculosis (TB), salmonella, and
gonorrhoea. Antibiotics are commonly used to treat bacterial
infections, but antibiotic resistance is a growing concern.
Viral Diseases: Viruses are much smaller than bacteria and can
cause diseases like influenza, HIV/AIDS, and COVID-19. Vaccines are
crucial in preventing viral infections, and antiviral medications help
manage symptoms.
Fungal and Protist Diseases: Fungi can cause conditions like
athlete's foot. Protists, such as the parasite causing malaria, are
responsible for serious diseases, often transmitted through vectors
like mosquitoes.
Direct and Indirect Defences: The body's immune system is the
primary defence against pathogens. White blood cells, antibodies,
and memory cells work together to recognize and fight infections.
Vaccination helps build immunity without causing illness.
HIV/AIDS: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attacks the
immune system and can lead to acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS). Transmission occurs through bodily fluids, and
there is no cure, but antiretroviral therapy can manage the virus.
Tuberculosis: TB is caused by a bacterium and primarily affects
the lungs. It spreads through airborne respiratory droplets.
Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics over a long period.
Prevention and Control: Hygiene practices, vaccination, safe food
and water handling, and vector control are essential strategies in
preventing the spread of communicable diseases. Public health
campaigns and education play a crucial role in raising awareness.
, Global Impact: Communicable diseases have significant social,
economic, and public health impacts on societies worldwide.
Outbreaks can disrupt healthcare systems, economies, and daily
life.
Viruses
Structure: Viruses are tiny particles made up of genetic material (either
DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat.
Reproduction: Viruses are not considered living organisms as they
cannot replicate on their own. They must infect a host cell to reproduce.
The virus injects its genetic material into the host cell, which then uses the
host's machinery to make new viral particles.
Modes of Infection: Viruses can infect a variety of organisms, including
humans, animals, plants, and even bacteria. They cause diseases such as
influenza, HIV/AIDS, and COVID-19.
Vaccination: Vaccines are used to prevent viral infections. They contain
weakened or inactivated forms of the virus that stimulate the immune
system to produce antibodies, providing immunity against future
infections.
Antiviral Treatments: Some antiviral medications can inhibit viral
replication and help manage symptoms, but viral infections are often
challenging to treat.
Bacteria:
Cell Structure: Bacteria are single-celled organisms with a simple
structure. They have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic
material (DNA) in the form of a circular chromosome.
Reproduction: Bacteria reproduce asexually through a process called
binary fission. The cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
Roles: Bacteria play important roles in nutrient cycling and
decomposition. Some bacteria can be pathogenic and cause diseases like
tuberculosis, and food poisoning.
Antibiotics: Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections by targeting
specific bacterial structures or processes. However, antibiotic resistance
has become a significant concern due to misuse and overuse of
antibiotics.
In summary, viruses are non-living particles that require a host cell to
reproduce, while bacteria are single-celled organisms with various shapes
and roles. Both viruses and bacteria have implications for human health
and ecosystems.
Viral diseases
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller studytipsforyouuu. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $6.34. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
