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samenvatting bodemkunde en bemestingsleer
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Alle power points én de cursus van 130 pagina's samengevat in 50 pagina's met een overzichtelijke inhoudstafel.
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Bodemkunde en bemestingsleerINHOUDSOPGAVE
hoofdstuk 1: inleiding ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 situering en competenties ..................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 inleiding tot de bodemkunde ................................................................................................................................ 5
1.3 inleiding tot bemestingsleer .................................................................................................................................. 6
minerale of anorganische of kunstmeststoffen .............................................................................................................. 6
organische meststoffen .................................................................................................................................................. 6
hoofstuk 2: van bodemstaalname tot bemesting ............................................................................................................. 6
2.1 overzicht ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6
2.2 staalname ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 bodemanalyse (tabel!)................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.4 bemestings-en bekalkingsadvies ................................................................................................................................... 8
beredeneren van de bemesting en bekalking ................................................................................................................ 8
2.5 bemestingsnorm ............................................................................................................................................................ 8
2.6 bemestingsplan: finale invulling van het advies (inclusief normen) .............................................................................. 8
hoofdstuk 3: fysische eigenschappen van de bodem ........................................................................................................ 8
3.1 overzicht van de bodemsamenstelling (bovengrond) .................................................................................................... 8
3.2 ontwikkeling horizonten en eigenschappen van een bodemprofiel .............................................................................. 9
3.3 korrelgroottefracties bepalen de bodemtextuur ........................................................................................................... 9
korrelgroottefracties ...................................................................................................................................................... 9
mineralogische samenstelling en eigenschappen van de fracties in belgië ................................................................. 10
bodemtexturen (grondsoorten) ................................................................................................................................... 11
textuurprofiel ............................................................................................................................................................... 11
3.4 een goede bodemstructuur door poriekwaliteit en aggregaatstabiliteit .................................................................... 12
3.5 toepassing: fysische eigenschappen en graasland in belgische landbouwstreken ...................................................... 16
hoofdstuk 4: water in de bodem .................................................................................................................................... 17
4.1 belang van het water in de bodem .............................................................................................................................. 17
4.2 waterbalans ................................................................................................................................................................. 17
4.3 water in het bodemprofiel ........................................................................................................................................... 18
grondwaterzone ........................................................................................................................................................... 18
capillaire zone ............................................................................................................................................................... 18
hangwaterzone ............................................................................................................................................................. 19
4.4 binding of retentie van water in de bodem ................................................................................................................. 19
4.5 bodemvochtkarakteristieken of pf-curven................................................................................................................... 19
4.6 veldcapaciteit .............................................................................................................................................................. 19
4.7 verwelkingspunt .......................................................................................................................................................... 20
4.8 beschikbaar watergehalte ........................................................................................................................................... 20
4.9 draineringsklassen ....................................................................................................................................................... 20
hoofdstuk 5: chemische eigenschappen van de bodem .................................................................................................. 21
5.1 zuurtegraad of ph van de bodem ................................................................................................................................ 21
reële, potentiële en totale zuurheid ............................................................................................................................. 21
invloed ph op de bodembestanddelen ......................................................................................................................... 22
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, optimale phkcl afhankelijk van grond en teelt: tussen 4,8 en 7,5 ................................................................................ 23
oorzaken bodemverzuring ............................................................................................................................................ 23
5.2 kationenuitwisselingscapaciteit of cec van de bodem................................................................................................. 24
herkomst CEC ............................................................................................................................................................... 24
herkomst kationen ....................................................................................................................................................... 24
de eigenlijke uitwisseling van kationen ........................................................................................................................ 24
CEC-waarde van de bodem........................................................................................................................................... 24
5.3 basenverzadiging (V) in de bodem .............................................................................................................................. 24
5.4 verband tussen kationensamenstelling, ph en bodemstructuur ................................................................................. 25
hoofdstuk 6: enkele facetten van de bodembiologie ...................................................................................................... 25
situering ............................................................................................................................................................................. 25
humificatie: proces en invloedsfactoren ............................................................................................................................ 25
rol van om in de bodem ..................................................................................................................................................... 28
rol van humus ............................................................................................................................................................... 28
rol van het organisch materiaal .................................................................................................................................... 28
carbon farming ............................................................................................................................................................. 28
hoofdstuk 7: nutriëntenabsorptie en plantegroei .......................................................................................................... 29
7.1 voorkomen van voedingselementen in de grond ......................................................................................................... 29
indeling van bodemnutriënten op basis van hun bereikbaarheid ................................................................................ 29
vaste minerale reserve ................................................................................................................................................. 30
vaste organische reserve .............................................................................................................................................. 30
geadsorbeerde voedingsstoffen ................................................................................................................................... 30
opgeloste voedingsstoffen ........................................................................................................................................... 30
7.2 essentiële macro-en micronutriënten .......................................................................................................................... 30
7.3 hoe een plant zich voedt: het globale plaatje .............................................................................................................. 31
7.4 diffusie van nutriënten in de grond ............................................................................................................................. 32
7.5 selectieve ionenopname .............................................................................................................................................. 32
7.6 antagonisten ............................................................................................................................................................... 32
7.7 fysiologische werking aan de wortel ........................................................................................................................... 32
7.8 herkomst en voorgeschiedenis van plantopneembaar stikstof ................................................................................... 33
7.9 bodemtemperatuur ..................................................................................................................................................... 33
7.10 groei van de plant: fotosynthese > ademhaling ........................................................................................................ 33
7.11 minerale samenstelling van plantenmateriaal .......................................................................................................... 33
7.12 minerale samenstelling van plantenmateriaal: invloedsfactoren ............................................................................. 33
de plant zelf .................................................................................................................................................................. 33
opbrengstresponscurve ................................................................................................................................................ 34
deel van de plant .......................................................................................................................................................... 34
fenologisch stadium...................................................................................................................................................... 34
7.13 export van voedingselementen door de plant ........................................................................................................... 34
hoofdstuk 8: gedrag en rol van de voedingselementen .................................................................................................. 34
8.1 stikstof als nutriënt ...................................................................................................................................................... 34
opname van stikstof: nitraat (NO-3) vs. ammonium (NH+4) .......................................................................................... 34
voorkomen, bepaling en functies van stikstof .............................................................................................................. 35
stikstofgebrek – fotosynthesegebrek ........................................................................................................................... 36
stikstofovermaat = stabiliteitsondermaat .................................................................................................................... 36
8.2 stikstof in de bodem: cyclus en balans ........................................................................................................................ 36
stikstofcyclus en balanscomponenten ......................................................................................................................... 36
uitdieping nitraatuitspoeling ........................................................................................................................................ 38
8.3 fosfor ........................................................................................................................................................................... 39
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, fosfor in de plant .......................................................................................................................................................... 39
fosfor in de bodem ....................................................................................................................................................... 39
8.4 kalium .......................................................................................................................................................................... 40
kalium op de plant ........................................................................................................................................................ 40
kalium in de bodem ...................................................................................................................................................... 40
functies van kalium ....................................................................................................................................................... 40
kaliumgebrek ................................................................................................................................................................ 41
ruime kaliumvoorziening .............................................................................................................................................. 41
8.5 zwavel .......................................................................................................................................................................... 41
zwavel in de plant ......................................................................................................................................................... 41
8.6 calcium ........................................................................................................................................................................ 42
ca in de plant: voorkomen en functie ........................................................................................................................... 42
calciumgebreksverschijnselen ...................................................................................................................................... 42
calciumovermaat .......................................................................................................................................................... 43
ca in de bodem ............................................................................................................................................................. 43
8.7 magnesium .................................................................................................................................................................. 43
magnesium in de plant ................................................................................................................................................. 43
magnesiumgebrek ........................................................................................................................................................ 43
8.9 sporenelementen memotabel: rol – wanneer tekort – gebrek .................................................................................... 44
hoofdstuk 9: minerale of anorganische of kunstmeststoffen ......................................................................................... 44
9.1 indeling en marktspelers ............................................................................................................................................. 44
9.2 zure en basische werking ............................................................................................................................................. 45
9.3 stikstofmesten ............................................................................................................................................................. 45
indeling en synthese ..................................................................................................................................................... 45
ammoniakale n-meststoffen ........................................................................................................................................ 46
nitraatmeststoffen ........................................................................................................................................................ 46
nitrisch ammoniakale stikstofmeststoffen ................................................................................................................... 46
amidische n-meststoffen .............................................................................................................................................. 46
traagwerkende of slow-release meststoffen of controlled release meststoffen – veelal stikstofmeststoffen ............ 46
bladbemesting of vloeibare bemesting – veelal stikstofmeststoffen en sporenelementen ........................................ 47
keuze van stikstofmeststof ........................................................................................................................................... 48
9.4 fosfaatmeststoffen ...................................................................................................................................................... 48
herkomst....................................................................................................................................................................... 48
9.5 kaliummeststoffen ....................................................................................................................................................... 48
9.6 magnesiummeststoffen ............................................................................................................................................... 48
9.7 kalkmeststoffen en bekalking als bodemverzorging ................................................................................................... 48
9.8 sporenelementenmeststoffen ...................................................................................................................................... 49
9.9 samengestelde meststoffen ........................................................................................................................................ 50
formulering en gebruik ................................................................................................................................................. 50
mengen van enkelvoudige meststoffen: niet doen tenzij expert! ............................................................................... 50
hoofdstuk 10: organische meststoffen ........................................................................................................................... 50
10.1 indeling en doelstelling van organische meststoffen ................................................................................................ 50
10.2 werkingscoëfficiënt en bemestingswaarde van organische meststoffen .................................................................. 51
bemestingswaarde van organische mest ..................................................................................................................... 51
10.3 organische mest als grondstof voor humus ............................................................................................................... 51
10.4 compost als organische bemesting ........................................................................................................................... 52
10.5 mestverwerking in een notedop ................................................................................................................................ 52
mestbewerking vs. mestverwerking ............................................................................................................................. 52
doelstellingen van mestverwerking .............................................................................................................................. 53
stap 1: scheiden in een dikke en een dunne fractie ..................................................................................................... 53
stap 2: verdere verwerking dikke fractie ...................................................................................................................... 53
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, stap 3: verdere scheiding dunne fractie ....................................................................................................................... 53
stap 4: zuiveren dunne fractie ...................................................................................................................................... 54
overzicht ....................................................................................................................................................................... 54
BODEMKUNDE
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