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Summary Personality
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Summary of 7 pages for the course Social Psychology at U of W (.)
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CHAPTER FOURTEEN: PERSONALITY● Fundamental Attribution Error: the tendency to attribute too much of others’ behaviour
to their dispositions (including personalities), and not the situations they confront.
● Personality: people’s typical ways of thinking, feeling, behaving.
○ Traits: predispositions (ex. Introversion, aggression, conscientiousness) that
partially account for consistencies in behaviour across time and situations.
○ Three Broad Influences on Personality:
■ Genetic Factors: personalities are linked to our biological parents’ genetic
makeup.
■ Shared Environmental Factors: reinforcement of behaviours, such as
through parenting.
■ Nonshared Environmental Factors: differential treatment within an
environment. For instance, a child who is treated better by a parent than
another child within the same household will likely have a higher
self-esteem.
● Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
○ Three Core Assumptions:
■ 1) Psychic Determinism: the assumption that all psychological events
have a cause and inner forces lie outside of our awareness (ex. dreams,
neuroticism, Freudian slips).
■ 2) Symbolic Meaning: no action is meaningless and all can be attributed
to preceding mental causes; the action is symbolic of something else that
is most likely sexual in nature.
■ 3) Unconscious Motivation: the unconscious– a vast and largely
uncharted area of the psyche– is of immensely greater importance in the
causes of our personality than the conscious (what we are aware of).
○ Personality: results from the interactions among three agencies known as the id,
ego, and superego.
■ id: basic instincts– the reservoir of primitive impulses that is entirely
unconscious, such as the pleasure principle which strives for immediate
gratification; contains a variety of drives, particularly the libido and
aggression.
■ Ego: interacts with the real world and finds ways to resolve competing
demands, governed by the reality principle; copes with threat by
deploying defence mechanisms.
■ Superego: our sense of morality that contains a sense of right and wrong
that we’ve internalized from societal interactions; people who are
guilt-free are at risk for developing a psychopathic personality.
, ○ Defence Mechanisms: unconscious manoeuvres intended to minimize anxiety.
■ Repression: motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or
impulses (ex. Inability to remember trauma).
■ Denial: motivated forgetting of distressing experiences (ex. a parent who
loses a child insists that their child is alive.)
■ Reaction-Formation: transforming an anxiety-producing experience into
its opposite (ex. a married woman who is sexually attracted to a
co-worker experiences hatred and revulsion towards them).
■ Projection: unconscious attribution of our negative qualities onto others
(ex. a married man with powerful unconscious sexual impulses towards
women complains that women are always after him).
■ Displacement: directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target
onto a more acceptable one (ex. a golfer angrily throws their club into the
woods after missing an easy putt).
■ Rationalization: providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for
unreasonable behaviours or failures (ex. a political candidate who loses
an election convinces themself that they didn’t really want the position
after all).
■ Intellectualization: avoiding the emotions associated with
anxiety-provoking experiences by focusing on abstract and impersonal
thoughts (ex. a woman whose husband cheats on her reassures herself
that males are naturally sexually promiscuous).
■ Sublimation: transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an
admired and socially valued goal (ex. a child who enjoys beating up other
children grows up to become a successful professional boxer).
○ Wish Fulfillments: dreams are expressions of the id’s impulses.
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