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Summary A-level Sociology; Crime and Deviance Essay Plans of Perspectives, including Durkheim, Merton, Cloward and Ohlin, and all sociologists within Crime and Deviance$16.07
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Summary A-level Sociology; Crime and Deviance Essay Plans of Perspectives, including Durkheim, Merton, Cloward and Ohlin, and all sociologists within Crime and Deviance
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A-level Sociology
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A-level Sociology Essay Plans of Perspectives within Crime and Deviance, from an A student, ranging from all Theorists within the AQA Specification, filled with AO1 AO2 AO3. Structured filled essay plans.
, Durkheim
inevitable and beneficial
• A01) Durkheim argues that crime is an inevitable feature of social life, due to different exposures of influences that not
everyone is equally committed to, and he viewed deviance as necessary and beneficial as it creates positive functions for the
well being of society
• A02) strengthening collective values: Values can 'atrophy' unless people are reminded of the boundaries between right and
wrong behavior through the use of social order For example, reports of child abuse has the effect of reinforcing social
control against child abusers and improving the protection of vulnerable children, this is due to the media sparking public
outrage towards crimes like these.
• A03)Therefore, the fear of disapproval from society acts as a deterrent towards crimes as the public unites, improving
social solidarity, and displays acts of disapproval and provide the opportunity for society to condemn deviant behavior and,
by punishing criminals, to reassert the boundaries of acceptable behavior, and strengthen collective values.
• A04) However, Marxist would argue that crime is not seen as necessary for the middle class due it their corporate crime not
always being prosecuted, and most stakeholders would be praised for benefitting the economy, regardless for the
detrimental impacts on the lower working Class
, MERTON:
STRAIN THEORY
• A01) Merton found an explanation of CD within a functionalist framework through strain theory. He argued that CD were
evidence of strain between the socially accepted goals and the approved means of obtaining those desired goals yet due to
the frustration of material deprivation certain people do not have the same opportunity of obtaining those goals, that they
lead to crime.
• A02) He created 5 different modes of adaptation in responding to the culturally accepted norms: conformity, innovation,
ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. For example, those in the Innovation mode accept the goal of society but use different
ways in achieving them, which can be through criminal behavior such as drug dealing, as they have the same intentions of
having improving their monetary gain, but they create their own way of obtaining it, which Is against the accepted values in
society, which is deemed as deviant.
• 03) THR, this links to explaining crime and deviance as the strain theory explains how people face frustration, strain and
anomie which encouraging our understanding of CD as Merton found that deviant behavior was common amongst the
lower class through their frustration of low achievement and turned to crime to get money, by innovation.
• A03)However, Merton focuses on the micro perspective one crime and fails to acknowledge the reasoning behind other
crimes that are not influenced through monetary gain, like vandalism and sexual assault, and fails to acknowledge middle
class crime
, COHEN:
STATUS FRUSTRATION
• A01)Cohen argues that the WC youth believes in the success of goals and mainstream culture yet their experiences in
education and living in deprived areas affects their opportunity of attaining the approved means and status which leads to
their status frustration which is the sense of frustration due to their denied their status in mainstream society.
• A02) EG their response to their denial in society is through joining a delinquent subcultures as they have been rejected
from society and deemed as failures, which allowed them to have an alternate set of values to society to solve their
frustration, as they succeed in the delinquent SUBC, they gain respect and admiration for peers, which they didn’t attain
from regular society.
• A03)This leads to collective delinquent acts as the SUBC offers an alternative status hierarchy, which explains the reasons
behind non utilitarian crimes like vandalism and joy riding. This gives the WC youth an opportunity to achieve their own
status away from wider society which encourages their element of revenge to contradict society which explains the increase
of juvenile offenses. Therefore, Cohen’s theory developed an explanation towards WC delinquency through the strain
theory as a group response rather than a micro response compared to Merton's theory.
• A04) However, Miller criticizes Cohen as he argues that it is false to suggest lower working class dalliance reject the
mainstream values as the higher class has always had its own SUBC, as they were never able to reject the mainstream goals
as they never had them.
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