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Summary AQA A-Level History European Reformation - Revision Material
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Revision Material covering the European Reformation topic of AQA A-Level History.
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AQA A-Level History European Reformation - Textbook Notes
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Paper 1, Question 1 = SourcesProvenance:
What the source is
- Nature Content
- Origin
- Purpose Quotations
- Tone
Provenance
+ Proximity - how close is the author to events being described?
+ Expert - does author have specific expertise or knowledge? Overall usefulness
+ Emotion - tone?
How reliable is the source?
Source 1 = P+C
Content:
Source 2 = P+C
What the source says
Source 3 = P+C
+ Perspective - what perspective is this source from and how
reflective is it according to your own understanding
Overall, how useful is
+ Accuracy - is there exaggeration, downplaying etc?
the source?
+ Detail - does the source provide additional detail?
What does the source reveal?
Paper 1, Question 2-4 = Essays
60 mins Source Q
- Evaluate a topic over a time period 45 mins x 2 Essay Qs
- A breadth question
- Your understanding of the topic over: time (time period),
- space (consider different colonies) and types of people (class, gender etc.).
- Answers two of the three questions
1. Identify the topic = the main topic in the question
2. Define key terms = what you will be analysing/talking about
3. Identify arguments and structure = your points and what order they will be, agreeing and
disagreeing with your thesis
Needs to have a very good understanding of the question, very good range and well-developed
knowledge, fully analytical and well-balanced analysis and balance, well substantiated
judgement, very good understanding of breadth and good organisation.
Introduction = thesis, keywords, briefly outlines the time period
Supporting your thesis = evidence supporting your judgement
Countering your thesis evidence challenging your judgement
Refuting the counterargument = evidence showing the weaknesses of the counterargument
Conclusion = summarises all points given in the essay and reiterates why the thesis is the most
valid view
, Exam Prep
Sources
- Provenance: what the source is, e.g. nature, origin, purpose, tone
- Proximity - how close is the author to events being described?
- Expert - does author have specific expertise of knowledge?
- Emotion - tone?
- How reliable is the source?
- Content: what the source says
- Perspective - what perspective is this source from and how
reflective is it according to your own understanding?
- Accuracy - is there exaggeration, downplaying etc?
- Detail - does the source provide additional detail?
- What does the source reveal?
- PEEPAD
Essays
- This is a breadth question, the focus will be on your understanding of
the topic over: time [the time period], space [location] and types of
people [class, gender etc.]
- Level 5: very good understanding of the question, very good range and
well-developed knowledge, fully analytical and well-balanced, well-
substantiated argument, very good understanding of breadth, very
good conceptual understanding and effective organisation.
- Understanding of question + features/issues/concepts: identify the
question topic, consider multiple different ways to agree/disagree with
the statement (often considering change over time, different conditions
for different people/places) and demonstrate understanding of
concepts specific to the course.
- Knowledge: wider range of specific evidence to draw from, with
excellent level of detail.
- Analysis and balance + judgement: consistently and directly focused
on the question topic with a consistent judgement/evaluation
throughout, applying knowledge appropriately and showing how
evidence supports your judgement.
- 1. Identify the topic
- 2. Define key terms
- 3. Identify arguments and structure, e.g. supporting and
countering your thesis
- Define key terms, divide your information, set out your thesis,
plan your essay, write!
, REVISION
Q: [pg 100] The Consilium de emendenda ecclesia (Advice concerning the Reform of the Church),
1537. [Source Q - Catholic Reformation]
The first abuse is the ordination of clerics and especially of priests, in which no care is taken, no diligence employed, so that
indiscriminately the most unskilled, men of the vilest stock and of evil morals, are admitted to Holy Orders and to the
priesthood. From this has come innumerable scandals and a contempt for the ecclesiastical order, and reverence for divine
worship has not only been diminished but has almost by now been destroyed. Therefore, we think that it would be an
excellent thing if your Holiness first in this city of Rome appointed two or three prelates, learned and upright men, to
preside over the ordination of clerics. He should also instruct all bishops, even under pain of censure, to give careful
attention to this in their own dioceses.
Provenance Content
Paul III (1534-49) “The first abide is the ordination of clerics and
Promotion through nepotism. Had a mistress as a Cardinal, four especially of priests… most unskilled… are admitted
illegitimate children. Friendly terms with France and the HRE. Papal to Holy Orders and to the priesthood”, stating that
diplomacy. He was concerned that no more countries should break certain members of the clergy are morally bad and
with Rome like Henry VIII, whom he excommunicated. He not skilled enough for their pastoral roles.
supported Charles V in his war against the Schmalkaldic League. “Scandals and a contempt for the ecclesiastical
Contarini, Charles V’s ambassador wrote the Compendium, order”, talking about the church abuses and damage
committed to Church reform. Contarini was asked to preside over to the CC’s reputation. “Reverence for divine
a reform Commission. The Commission investigated Church abuses worship… destroyed”, negligence of spiritual and
for three months. Publishing the Consilium de emendenda ecclesia pastoral duty.
and presented to the Pope in March 1537. Highlighting simony, “Appointed two or three prelates… to preside over
pluralism, absenteeism and the corruption within the religious the ordination of clerics” “Instruct all bishops, give
orders. Urging Paul III to reform the Curia itself. The Church’s careful attention to this in their own dioceses”.
problems were blamed on the papacy and his senior clerics. Asking to get people to reside over the clergy and
ensure they are doing their jobs perfectly.
What does the Consilium suggest about the state of the Catholic Church?
This Consilium suggest that the Church has been allowing the “ordination of clerics and especially of priests” who are
unskilled for their spiritual and pastoral duties and have bad morals, thus not fit for the Catholic Church. Also, states that
this allowance of unskilled clergy and priests had directly influenced church scandals, the Catholic Church’s bad reputation
and the “destruction of reverence for divine worship”.
How significant is this in light of the source’s provenance?
Pope Paul II was the Pope during this time period (1537) and was very nepotist, e.g. had a mistress and four illegitimate
children. Charles V’s ambassador, Contarini, was asked to preside over the Consilium and presented it to Pope Paul III in
March 1537. It highlighted simony, pluralism, absenteeism and the corruption within the religious orders. It also urged Paul
III to reform the Curia itself. The Church’s problems were blamed on the papacy and the Pope’s senior clerics so that fact
that Paul III was also nepotist and focused on papal diplomacy directly links with the state of the Catholic Church at the
time.
Why did the Catholic Church not act sooner to address and rectify these problems?
The Church had many Conciliarist fears and refused to hold a council, even though this was the most effective way of
dealing with papal reform. Also, the fact that the Curia and the most senior authority figures in the Catholic Church were
corrupt and nepotist themselves shows how structural the church abuses were.
Conclusion
Overall, the Concilium de emendenda ecclesia, written by Contarini, highlighted the church abuses and need for reform
within the Catholic Church, especially vis-à-vis the ordination of clergy members and priests. It also suggested a solution for
this through prelates who could oversee bishops and priests to ensure that they are fulfilling their spiritual and pastoral
duties.
CC
, The origins of the Reformation, c1500-1531 = Essay questions REVISION
Sources
- [pg 17] With reference to these sources and your understanding of the historical context,
assess the value of these three sources to a historian studying the condition of the pre-
Reformation Church.
- [pg 36] With reference to these sources and your understanding of the historical context,
assess the value of these three sources to a historian studying Luther’s early revolt (1517-
1521).
- [pg 55] With reference to these sources and your understanding of the historical context,
assess the value of these three sources to a historian studying the spread of the German and
Swiss Reformations.
- [pg 73] With reference to these sources and your understanding of the historical context,
assess the value of these three sources to a historian studying the obstacles encountered by
the Lutheran movement.
- [pg 95] With reference to these sources and your understanding of the historical context,
assess the value of these three sources to a historian studying the strengths and weaknesses of
Calvinism.
- [pg 112] With reference to these sources and your understanding of the historical context,
assess the value of these three sources to a historian studying the motives behind the Catholic
Reformation.
Essays
- To what extent was the Catholic Church weakened by humanism in the years c1500 to 1517?
- ‘The Peasants’ War of 1524/25 was brought about by social rather than religious issues.’ Assess
the validity of this view.
- ‘The spread of Calvinism beyond Geneva in the 1550s was due to its widespread political
appeal.’ Assess the validity of this view.
- ‘The secular power and influence of the Catholic Church was unchallenged in the years 1500 to
1517.’ Assess the validity of this view.
- To what extent was the development of Luther’s thought, in the years 1517 to 1521, a
response to the opposition he faced?
- To what extent was the Council of Trent a reaction to the growing strength of Protestantism?
- ‘Zwingli’s work in Zurich, in the years 1524 to 1531, did not result in a radical reformation.’
Assess the validity of this view.
- ‘The growing strength of the Protestant movement, in the years 1529 to 1536, was due to the
weaknesses of Charles V.’
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