Summary
Summary Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders (AB_1023)
- Course
- Institution
Summary of 60 pages for the course Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders at VU
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
SummaryLin
Reviews received
Content preview
Neurological and PsychiatricDisorders summary
1
,Brain Imaging 3
Depression: Clinical Aspects 7
Depression: Preclinical Aspects 9
ADHD: Clinical and Preclinical Aspects 14
Preclinical Models of Compulsive Drug Use 17
Dementia: Clinical Aspects 20
Dementia: Preclinical Aspects 23
Autism Spectrum Disorder(s) 25
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) 27
Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical Aspects 31
Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis 34
Brain Injury Rehabilitation and Holistic Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 37
Stroke and Rehabilitation 41
Parkinson’s Disease: Preclinical Aspects 46
Parkinson’s Disease: Rehabilitation 49
Parkinson’s Disease: Clinical Aspects 53
Brain Tumors 56
2
, Brain Imaging
NEUROIMAGING
- Why use it?
- Clinic
- Diagnosis/prognosis of neurological disorders
- CT, MRI, MRA, MRS, PET, X-ray
- Research
- Improve diagnostics of neurological disorders
- Prediction of disorders
- Understand biological processes (using advanced imaging techniques)
- Anatomical planes:
- Axial (transverse): separates upper and lower halves of the body
- Coronal: separates front and back of the body
- Sagittal: separates left and right sides of the body
STRUCTURAL BRAIN IMAGING
- Reasons for brain imaging:
- Identifying the e ects of a stroke
- Locating cysts and tumors
- Finding swelling and bleeding
- Disease-related lesions
- Common structural brain/skull imaging:
- X-ray: shows bone/skull only, not the brain
- Best used to detect bone fractures
- CT: shows brain, but not in great detail
- Shows presence of any larger bleed, stroke, lesions, or masses
- Quick test, so preferred during emergency
- Visually: worse resolution (more pixels), bones light up (skull appears white)
- MRI: shows brain in greater detail
- Shows presence of smaller bleeds, stroke, lesions, or masses
- Long test, so preferred with long-term symptoms
- Visually: better resolution, skull appears dark (due to little water contents of tissue), fat
on skull appears white
- Air and bone give no signals on an MRI scan, and therefore appear dark
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):
- Strong magnetic eld, so magnetic materials have to be kept out of the room
- Magnetic eld is measured in Teslas
- Advantages of MRI:
- Non-invasive
- Non-ionizing radiation
- High soft-tissue resolution and discrimination between tissue types
- Morphological information as well as functional information
- Disadvantages of MRI:
- Time consuming
- Contraindications for MRI: patients that cannot be scanned due to e.g. presence of
pacemaker or surgical plates
- Loud noise
- Sequence needs to be adapted to question
- Sequence: di erent types of MRIs
- Technique behind MRI:
- MRI uses magnetism and radio frequency signals to acquire images
- MR images are based on density of protons
- 1) No magnet: hydrogen atoms (protons) in body are randomly positioned
- 2) Magnet on: most protons get aligned in the direction of the magnetic eld
- 3) Radio pulse: protons spin and move orthogonally
3
fi ff fffi fi
, - 4) Protons relax: release radio signal
- The time that it takes for the protons to return to their original position is
measured, resulting in di erent signals for di erent types of tissues
- Main ‘techniques’ in MRI:
- T1 weighted images:
- Contrasts fat/water
- Used to look at the anatomy/enhancement of the brain (e.g. atrophy, lesions)
- Visually: grey matter appears grey, white matter appears white
- T2 weighted images:
- Contrasts water/tissue
- Used to look at the pathology of the brain (e.g. edema)
- Visually: cerebrospinal uid appears white, grey matter appears light grey
- Tip: in T2 (tWo), Water (i.e. CSF) = White
- T1 vs. T2: what you want to see determines what sequence you will use
- T1 detects tumors more easily, whereas T2 detects edema more clearly
- Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR):
- T2 weighted MRI scan
- “Inversion Recovery”: CSF (i.e. white signal) is suppressed, thereby improving
contrast
- Easier to distinct the (entire) damaged area
- T1 vs. FLAIR:
- T1: neuroanatomical changes, therefore hard to see edema on T1 image
- FLAIR: changes related to water, therefore very obvious to see edema on T2
or FLAIR
- Double Inversion Recovery (DIR):
- T2 + FLAIR
- Suppress both CSF and white matter signal (i.e. fat tissue)
- Used to detect lesions/plaques in white matter, or between grey/white matter
- Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA):
- Can be used to detect arteriovenous malformation (AVM) and ischemic stroke
- AVM: abnormal connection between arteries and veins; usually asymptomatic
- Brain imaging in research:
- Qualitative
- Standard clinical practice
- Look for pathology
- Quantitative
- ‘Numbers’ as output
- Understand biological mechanisms
- Compare patient groups to healthy controls
- Di usion Tensor Imaging (DTI):
- MRI of how white matter tracts are connected (i.e. how the brain is ‘wired’)
- Tractography can show an overview of white matter connections
- Why does white matter matter?
- Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, etc.
- DTI is used to assess white matter integrity
- Healthy nerve: passage of nerve impulse
- Damaged nerve in MS (with areas of demyelation): interference in passage of nerve
impulse
- Technique behind DTI: the di usion of water molecules through axons is measured
- Isotropic: di usion is the same in every direction
- Anisotropic: di usion varies with direction
- 4 main di usion outcome parameters for microstructural integrity:
- Fractional anisotropy (FA): directionality of the water di usion
- Mean di usivity (MD): the average di usivity
- Axonal di usivity (AD): di usivity along the axon
- Radial di usivity (RD): di usivity perpendicular to the axon
4
ff
ffffffff ff ff fl ffffff ff ff ff ff
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller SummaryLin. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.46. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
78600 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now