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Volledige samenvatting ademhaling

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Volledige samenvatting van het vak ademhaling van de eerste master geneeskunde aan de KU Leuven. Exclusief radiologie (kan apart gekocht worden). Op basis van handboek, lessen en eigen notities. Bevat alle te kennen leerstof voor het examen.

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  • September 5, 2023
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ADEMHALING
H2: Respiratoire infecties ................................................................................................................................ 6
Om nooit meer te vergeten ................................................................................................................................. 6
Inleiding .............................................................................................................................................................. 7
A. Acute tracheobronchitis .................................................................................................................................. 7
Definitie ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
Kliniek ......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Microbiologie ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Diagnostiek ................................................................................................................................................. 7
Behandeling................................................................................................................................................ 7
B. Acute COPD exacerbatie ................................................................................................................................. 7
Definitie ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
Etiologie...................................................................................................................................................... 7
Diagnostiek ................................................................................................................................................. 8
Behandeling................................................................................................................................................ 8
C. Community-acquired pneumonie !.................................................................................................................. 9
Definitie ...................................................................................................................................................... 9
Diagnose ..................................................................................................................................................... 9
Klinische classificaties............................................................................................................................... 10
Microbiologie ........................................................................................................................................... 11
Diagnostiek ............................................................................................................................................... 11
Histologie ................................................................................................................................................. 12
Diagnostiek bij ongunstig klinisch verloop ............................................................................................... 13
Behandeling.............................................................................................................................................. 13
Noot 1: Parapneumonische vochtuitstorting ............................................................................................... 13
Noot 2: Empyeem ......................................................................................................................................... 14
Definitie .................................................................................................................................................... 14
Etiologie.................................................................................................................................................... 14
Symptomen .............................................................................................................................................. 16
Diagnose ................................................................................................................................................... 16
Behandeling.............................................................................................................................................. 16
Noot 3: Longabces/abcederende pneumonie .............................................................................................. 16
Longabces ................................................................................................................................................. 16
Abcederende of necrotiserende pneumonie ........................................................................................... 17
Noot 4: Vaccinatie tegen pneumokokken .................................................................................................... 17
D. Longinfecties bij patiënten met verminderde immuunweerstand ................................................................ 18
E. Longtuberculose ............................................................................................................................................ 18
Etiologie en pathogenese ......................................................................................................................... 18
Pathogenese ............................................................................................................................................. 18
Klinisch-radiologische verschijningsvormen............................................................................................. 19
Diagnostiek ............................................................................................................................................... 20
Pathologie ................................................................................................................................................ 21
Behandeling.............................................................................................................................................. 22
Noot 1: De tuberculine-reactie (“intradermo”) ............................................................................................ 22
Noot 2: Multiresistente M. tuberculosis....................................................................................................... 23
Noot 3: Niet-tuberculeuze of ‘atypische’ mycobacteriën (NTM) ................................................................. 23



1

, Noot 4: Behandeling van latente tuberculose .............................................................................................. 23

H3: Neoplasieën van long en mediastinum ................................................................................................... 25
Om nooit meer te vergeten ............................................................................................................................... 25
Longcarcinoom ......................................................................................................................................... 25
Solitaire pulmonale nodulus .................................................................................................................... 25
Longmetastasen ....................................................................................................................................... 25
A. Longtumoren ................................................................................................................................................ 26
1. Longcarcinoom ......................................................................................................................................... 26
Epidemiologie ........................................................................................................................................... 26
Etiologie.................................................................................................................................................... 26
Pathologie ................................................................................................................................................ 26
3 grote patronen ...................................................................................................................................... 28
Kliniek ....................................................................................................................................................... 28
Diagnose ................................................................................................................................................... 29
Oncologische evaluatie: Stadiumbepaling (stagering) ............................................................................. 30
medische evaluatie .................................................................................................................................. 31
Behandeling NKCLC .................................................................................................................................. 32
Behandeling KCLC ..................................................................................................................................... 37
Prognose .................................................................................................................................................. 37
2. Solitaire pulmonale nodulus ..................................................................................................................... 38
Bepaling .................................................................................................................................................... 38
3. Longmetastasen........................................................................................................................................ 40
Definitie .................................................................................................................................................... 40
B. Mediastinale tumoren................................................................................................................................... 42
Anatomie ...................................................................................................................................................... 42
Kliniek ........................................................................................................................................................... 42
Diagnose ....................................................................................................................................................... 43
Tumoren van het voorste mediastinum ....................................................................................................... 43
Tumoren van het middenste mediastinum .................................................................................................. 44
Tumoren van het achterste mediastinum en van costovertebrale goot ...................................................... 45

H4: Aandoeningen van pleura, thoraxwand en diafragma ............................................................................. 46
Om nooit meer te vergeten ............................................................................................................................... 46
1. Pneumothorax ............................................................................................................................................... 46
Definitie ........................................................................................................................................................ 47
Types pneumothorax .................................................................................................................................... 47
Symptomen .................................................................................................................................................. 48
Diagnose ....................................................................................................................................................... 49
Behandeling .................................................................................................................................................. 49
2. Pleurale tumoren........................................................................................................................................... 50
Maligne pleuraal mesothelioom................................................................................................................... 50
Benigne pleurale tumoren ............................................................................................................................ 51
Pleurale metastasen ..................................................................................................................................... 51
3. Aangeboren afwijkingen thoraxwand ........................................................................................................... 51
Pectus excavatum ......................................................................................................................................... 52
Pectus carinatum .......................................................................................................................................... 53
4. Aandoeningen diafragma ............................................................................................................................. 53
Hernia diafragmatica .................................................................................................................................... 53
Congenitale hernia diafragmatica ............................................................................................................ 53
Traumatische hernia diafragmatica ......................................................................................................... 53


2

, Diafragmaparalyse ........................................................................................................................................ 53
Unilaterale diafragmaparalyse ................................................................................................................. 53
Partiele diafragmaparalyse ...................................................................................................................... 54
Bilaterale diafragmaparalyse.................................................................................................................... 54

H5: Obstructieve longziekten ........................................................................................................................ 55
Om nooit meer te vergeten ............................................................................................................................... 55
Astma ....................................................................................................................................................... 55
COPD ........................................................................................................................................................ 55
Bronchiëctasieën ...................................................................................................................................... 56
Functieverbeterende chirurgie................................................................................................................. 56
A. Astma ............................................................................................................................................................ 57
Definitie .................................................................................................................................................... 57
Prevalentie ............................................................................................................................................... 57
Pathogenese ............................................................................................................................................. 57
Etiologie.................................................................................................................................................... 58
Kliniek ....................................................................................................................................................... 59
Diagnose ................................................................................................................................................... 60
Behandeling.............................................................................................................................................. 61
B. COPD ............................................................................................................................................................. 63
grafieken .................................................................................................................................................. 63
Definitie .................................................................................................................................................... 64
Prevalentie ............................................................................................................................................... 64
Fysiopathologie ........................................................................................................................................ 65
Diagnose ................................................................................................................................................... 66
Evaluatie van de ernst van COPD ............................................................................................................. 69
Complicaties ............................................................................................................................................. 70
Behandeling.............................................................................................................................................. 71
C. Bronchiëctasieën ........................................................................................................................................... 74
Definitie .................................................................................................................................................... 74
Prevalentie ............................................................................................................................................... 74
Pathologie ................................................................................................................................................ 74
Pathogenese ............................................................................................................................................. 75
Etiologie.................................................................................................................................................... 75
Kliniek ....................................................................................................................................................... 76
Radiologie ................................................................................................................................................. 76
Longfunctie............................................................................................................................................... 77
Microbiologie ........................................................................................................................................... 77
Behandeling.............................................................................................................................................. 77
D. Functieverbeterende longchirurgie ............................................................................................................... 77
Longtransplantatie........................................................................................................................................ 78
Types ........................................................................................................................................................ 78
Indicaties .................................................................................................................................................. 78
Donoren ................................................................................................................................................... 79
Verwikkelingen ......................................................................................................................................... 80
Resultaten ................................................................................................................................................ 80
Longvolumereductiechirurgie....................................................................................................................... 81
Bullectomie ................................................................................................................................................... 82

H6: Interstitieel longlijden, systeemlijden en medicamenteus geïnduceerde longpathologie ........................ 84
Om nooit meer te vergeten ............................................................................................................................... 84



3

, Definitie ............................................................................................................................................................. 84
Classificatie ....................................................................................................................................................... 84
Pathofysiologie.................................................................................................................................................. 84
Klachten ............................................................................................................................................................ 84
Klinisch onderzoek ............................................................................................................................................. 85
Labotesten ........................................................................................................................................................ 85
Diagnostische testen ......................................................................................................................................... 85
Longfunctie ................................................................................................................................................... 85
Radiologie ..................................................................................................................................................... 85
Bronchoscopie .............................................................................................................................................. 86
Multidisciplinair overleg (MILO) ........................................................................................................................ 86
Behandeling ...................................................................................................................................................... 86

H7: Slaap en respiratie .................................................................................................................................. 88
Om nooit meer te vergeten ............................................................................................................................... 88
A. Respiratoire veranderingen tijdens de slaap – normale fysiologie ............................................................... 88
Oorzaak......................................................................................................................................................... 88
B. Obstructief slaapapneusyndroom ................................................................................................................. 89
Pathofysiologie van een verhoogde apneu-hypopneu index (AHI) .............................................................. 89
Definitie ........................................................................................................................................................ 90
Prevalentie.................................................................................................................................................... 91
Gevolgen ....................................................................................................................................................... 91
Hoe herkent u een pt met slaapapneusyndroom? ....................................................................................... 91
Symptomatologie / anamnese ................................................................................................................. 91
Klinisch onderzoek ................................................................................................................................... 92
Wat doen bij vermoeden van slaapapneusyndroom.................................................................................... 92
Behandeling .................................................................................................................................................. 92

H8: Pulmonale circulatie ............................................................................................................................... 95
Om nooit meer te vergeten ............................................................................................................................... 95
Longembolie ...................................................................................................................................................... 95
Pulmonale hypertensie...................................................................................................................................... 96

H9: Roken en rookstop ................................................................................................................................. 99
Om nooit meer te vergeten ............................................................................................................................... 99
A. Epidemiologie ............................................................................................................................................... 99
B. Verslaving ..................................................................................................................................................... 99
C. Rookstopmethodes ..................................................................................................................................... 100
C.1 Rookstopbegeleiding (counseling)........................................................................................................ 101
C.2 Farmacologische hulpmedicatie ........................................................................................................... 102
Nicotinevervangende therapie (NRT) ..................................................................................................... 102
Bupropion............................................................................................................................................... 103
Varenicline ............................................................................................................................................. 103
Andere medicatie ................................................................................................................................... 103
C.3 Alternatieve methoden ........................................................................................................................ 103




4

,H10: Pulmonale urgenties voor de basisarts................................................................................................ 105
Om nooit meer te vergeten ............................................................................................................................. 105
A. Acute dyspnee ............................................................................................................................................. 105
B. Acute bronchusobstructie ........................................................................................................................... 106
Definitie ...................................................................................................................................................... 106
Kliniek ......................................................................................................................................................... 106
Therapie ...................................................................................................................................................... 107
C. Aspiratie ...................................................................................................................................................... 107
D. Massieve hemoptoe .................................................................................................................................... 107
Definitie ...................................................................................................................................................... 107
Bepalen van plaats van bloeding ................................................................................................................ 108
Bepalen van ander onderliggende oorzaak van bloeding........................................................................... 108
Therapie ...................................................................................................................................................... 109
E. Acute stridor ................................................................................................................................................ 109
Definitie ...................................................................................................................................................... 109
Oorzaken .................................................................................................................................................... 109
Kliniek ......................................................................................................................................................... 109
Therapie ...................................................................................................................................................... 110
F. Anafylactische reactie ................................................................................................................................. 110
Definitie ...................................................................................................................................................... 110
Oorzaken .................................................................................................................................................... 110
Kliniek ......................................................................................................................................................... 110
Therapie ...................................................................................................................................................... 111




5

, H2: RESPIRATOIRE INFECTIES

OM NOOIT MEER TE VERGETEN
- Acute tracheobronchitis moet niet met antibiotica behandeld worden
- De helft van de COPD exacerbaties hebben een infectieuze oorzaak, de helft daarvan is
bacterieel -> R/ niet altijd AB nodig
o Meest frequent: ‘infernale trio’: S. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis, H. influenzae
- 4 klassen in CAP die zich onderscheiden wat betreft etiologie, behandeling en prognose
o CAP I: < 60j en geen co-morbiditeit
o CAP II: > 60j met co-morbiditeit
o CAP III: hospitalisatie noodzakelijk
o CAP IV: hospitalisatie op IZ noodzakelijk
- Klinisch onderscheid tussen typische en atypische pneumonie wordt niet meer gemaakt ->
want zorgt niet dat je bacteriële en ‘atypische’ etiologie kan onderscheiden
o S. Pneumoniae: in alle CAP klasses verantwoordelijk voor > 50% van de infecties
§ AB tegen deze kiem
§ Ongunstige evolutie -> moxifloxacine of neomacrolide bijgeven
• Altijd bij ernstige pneumonie (CAP klasse IV, soms klasse III)
§ Verwijzing naar specialist bij abnormaal verloop
- Parapneumonisch empyeem
o Frequente verwikkeling van pneumonie
o Onmiddellijke adequaat behandelen
o Controle van infectie door systemische AB en effectieve drainage en volledige re-
expansie van de long
o Bij loculaties -> chirurgie (meestal thoracoscopie) noodzakelijk
- Pt’n met verminderde afweer -> opportunistische infecties met noodzakelijke ZH-opname
o Type infectie is afhankelijk van bestaande immuundefect
- TBC
o Incidentie in België is laag
o 8,6/100 000 inwoners
o Grootste risicogroepen: personen die laatste 2j contact hebben gehad met
besmettelijk persoon > asielzoekers > mensen zonder papieren en daklozen
o 90% vd infectiegevallen: omslag van intradermoreactie of positieve IGRA-test
o Kiemen blijven in slapende toestand aanwezig en kunnen later reactiveren =
reactivatie-tbc
o Zz: progressieve primo-infectie -> miliaire tbc, endobronchiale tbc of pleuritis
o Microbiële resistentie niet echt een probleem in België, maar moet toch altijd worden
nagekeken
o Intradermo en IGRA test spelen geen rol in diagnose, wel RX thorax en opzoeken van
bacillen (sputum, lavage) noodzakelijk
o Behandeling duurt klassiek 6m
§ Eerste 2 maanden: combinatie van 4 tuberculostatica (rifampicine, isoniazide,
pyrazinamide en ethambutol)
§ Laatste 4 maanden: combinatie van 2 tuberculostatica (rifampicine en
isoniazide)




6

,INLEIDING
- Krachtige AB, goede vaccins -> respiratoire infecties toch frequent, met hoge mortaliteit en
morbiditeit
o Vnl in ontwikkelingslanden
- Oudere personen zijn een kwetsbare groep
- Toenemende resistentie van de belangrijkste pathogenen
- Kwetsbaarder wordende bevolking
- -> nieuwe uitdagingen, terwijl ontwikkeling van nieuwe AB steeds moeilijker wordt
- Nationale en internationale richtlijnen -> beste behandeling en rationeel gebruik van AB

A. ACUTE TRACHEOBRONCHITIS
DEFINITIE
- = mucosale ontstekingsreactie van de trachea en bronchiaalboom, meestal samen optredend
met een infectie van de bovenste luchtwegen, bij personen zonder onderliggend longlijden
(differentiatie met acute COPD exacerbatie)
- Meestal (maar niet altijd) id winter
KLINIEK
- Niet uitgesproken ernstig
- Al dan niet productieve hoest
- Soms ademhalings- en hoestgebonden retrosternaal pijngevoel
- Soms koorts
- Initieel rhinitis en keellast
- Zelflimiterend, symptomen verdwijnen na 1-2w
MICROBIOLOGIE
- ‘respiratoire virussen’
- Influenza A en B, parainfluenza, rhinovirus, coronavirus, RSV (respiratoir syncitieel virus) en
humaan metapneumovirus
- Zz: mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydophila pneumoniae, bordetella pertussis
DIAGNOSTIEK
- RX: enkel ter uitsluiting van pneumonie bij hoge koorts en ernstig ziektebeeld
- Persisterende klachten (hoesten > 14d) -> andere pathologie uitsluiten
o Structureel longlijden (COPD, bronchiëctasieën), astma, pertussis, tumor
BEHANDELING
- Symptomatisch: hoestremmers, aspirine, paracetamol, nasale decongestiva
- Geen AB (beïnvloeden ziekteverloop niet)

B. ACUTE COPD EXACERBATIE
- Zie ook deel COPD (H3)
DEFINITIE
- = acute deterioratie bij een patiënt met stabiel COPD (toename dyspnee, hoest, sputum),
aanhoudend gedurende > 48u en leidend tot nood aan extra medicatie of ander medisch
ingrijpen (hosp, consult)
ETIOLOGIE


7

, - 50-75% door infectie
o 30-50% viraal
§ Influenza, para-influenza, RSV, adenovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus
o 50-70% bacterieel
§ S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis (samen 90%) -> ! juiste AB geven
(amoxiclav en moxifloxacine bij allergie)
§ Zz: G-
§ Zzz: M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae
- Verantwoordelijk pathogeen varieert naargelang ernst van exacerbatie
o Ernstiger -> meer kans op G- -> mee behandelen bij ernstige COPD




DIAGNOSTIEK
- Ambulante praktijk: geen verdere technische onderzoeken noodzakelijk
- RX ter exclusie van pneumonie bij
o Hoge koorts
o Ernstig ziektebeeld
o Onvoldoende klinische respons
- Opzoeken oorzakelijk agens niet aangewezen (lage sensitiviteit, lage specificiteit)
- Hospitalisatie -> altijd verder onderzoek
o Bloedname: CRP, leukocytose
o RX thorax
o Sputumcultuur (kleuring/cultuur) en indien hoge koorts ook hemocultuur
BEHANDELING
- 1e plaats: bronchodilaterende en supportieve behandeling
- AB bij ernstigere opstoten :
o Vermoeden bacteriële infectie op basis van:
§ Criteria van Anthonisen: toegenomen dyspnee, toegenomen sputa,
toegenomen purulentie van sputa (als 2/3 -> AB)
§ Biomerkers
• CRP: ook gestegen bij virale infectie, AB bij CRP > 40 mg/dl
• Procalcitonine: nuttig, maar niet gebruikt, want zeer duur en weinig
beschikbaar
o Ernst voorafbestaand longlijden: GOLD 3 en 4


8

, o Risicofactoren: > 65j, cortico-dependentie, algemene zelfredzaamheid, > 4
exacerbaties/j
o Co-morbiditeit
- Ernst vd opstoot op basis van
o Noodzaak tot hospitalisatie: AB hebben weinig nut bij ambulante behandeling van
AECOPD
o Acute of ‘acute-op-chronische’ respiratoir insufficiëntie (PaO2 < 60, PaCO2 >50, nood
aan ventilatie)
o Ernst van voorafbestaand longlijden: GOLD 3 en 4 (FEV1 < 50%)
- AB: B-lactam of fluoroquinolone AB
o Normaal: amoxiclav, moxifloxacine bij allergie
o Zeer ernstige COPD (FEV1 < 50%) met RF voor P. aeruginosa (G-): ciprofloxacine,
levofloxacine po
o + aminoglycoside bij opname in ZH
o Oraal
o 5 dagen
- AB volgens kolonisatie en resistentiepatroon bij pt’n met zeer ernstig COPD (FEV1 <30%),
bronchiëctasieën of gekende kolonisatie
- RF p. aeruginosa
o Recente hospitalisatie
o > 4x AB in het laatste jaar of 1x in de laatste 3m
o Chronische CCs
o Vroegere isolatie
o Bronchiëctasieën

C. COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIE !
Vnl diagnostiek en behandeling belangrijk
DEFINITIE
- Community-acquired:
o Buiten elke ziekenhuisopname
o Minder dan 72u na hospitalisatie
o Meer dan 72u na ontslag uit ziekenhuis
DIAGNOSE
- Vermoedelijke diagnose op basis van klinische symptomen en tekens
o Koorts (meestal > 38°)
o Hoesten, met purulente secreties
o Dyspnoe
o Thoracale pijn (meestal pleuraal)
o Hemoptoe
o Tachypnee
o Crepitaties en/of tekens van parenchymverdichtingen (verminderd VAG, dofheid bij
percussie)
- Cave: niet-respiratoire klachten en afwezigheid van koorts vnl bij bejaarden en pt’n met
onderliggende pathologie zijn mogelijk (verwardheid, hoofdpijn, nausea en braken,
abdominale pijnen, myalgie en artralgie)
- RX thorax: altijd nodig ter bevestiging




9

, o Cave: vals-negatieve (vroegtijdige opname, neutropenie, dehydratatie …) of vals
positieve resultaten (verdichting van niet-infectieuze etiologie)
KLINISCHE CLASSIFICATIES
- Beslissing voor hospitalisatie en antibiotherapie wordt bepaald door prognostische factoren
o Leeftijd: > 60j
o Co-morbiditeit
§ DM
§ NI
§ Hartinsufficiëntie
§ Chronische longziekten
§ Immuunsuppressie
§ Neoplastische aandoeningen
§ Hospitalisatie ih afgelopen jaar
o Kliniek
§ AH > 30/min
§ SBP <90, DBP <60
§ Temp > 40 of <35
§ Extrapulmonaire tekens van infectie: verwardheid, stupor, lethargie
o Labo/RX
§ Wbc < 4000/mm3 of >30 00/mm3
§ PaCO2 > 50
§ Nierfalen (creatinine > 1.2 mg/dl, ureum > 40 mg/dl)
§ Anemie (Hct < 30%, Hb < 9 g/dl)
§ Evidentie voor sepsis (vb metabole acidose)
§ Multilobulaire of snel evoluerende radiologische afwijkingen
§ Pleurale vochtuitstorting
- CURB 65 score systeem
o Scoresysteem om ernst (en prognose) van pneumonie in te schatten)
o 1 punt per item indien aanwezig
§ Verwardheid
§ Ureum > 42 mg/dl
§ RR > 30/min
§ DBP < 60 mmHg, SBP <90 mmHg
§ Leeftijd > 65j




- CAP klasse
o 4 subgroepen met verschillende etiologie, diagnostisch en therapeutisch beleid
o CAP I = CURB score 0, CAP II = CURB 1, CAP III = CURB 2-3, CAP IV = CURB 4-5




10

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