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IOP3707 EXAM PACK 2023
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IOP3707 EXAM PACK 2023QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
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SCOPE
1. Definition of Leadership
2. Contrast between Management and Leadership (5 crucial areas)
3. Difference between Transactional and Transformational leadership
4. A constellation of four African values (African Leadership Paradigm)
The African Leadership Paradigm
African needs to develop leaders show will be known less for what they say and more for what they
deliver, less by their title and position and more by their expertise and competence; less by what
they control and more by the mind-sets they develop and shape both by their personal integrity and
for exceptional organisational abilities.
African leadership is dominated by values which predispose people to behave and act in a certain
way, they are deeper that feelings, opinions and attitudes. A paradigm means a set of assumptions,
concepts, values and practices that constitute a way of viewing reality.
Afrocentricity is about Africans putting Africa at the centre, anchoring themselves in their own
continent; its history, traditions, cultures, mythology, creative motif and exemplifying the African
collective will. It is theoretical and practical.
In practical it entails authentic Africa-based behaviour, it is not racist or anti-anyone. It takes pride in
the African identity without denigrating others. Afrocentricity proposes that people of African
descent or cultural orientation anchor their view and evaluation of the world within their own
experiences.
A constellation of values should characterise the African leadership paradigm:
1. Valuing Humanity – it values humanity, essentially unconditionally, except for those who
factor themselves out through extreme forms of barbaric behaviour. Its captured through
expressions like:
a. A human being finds human expression in human relationships with other humans (I
am because you are, you are because we are)
b. A person is a person regardless of structure or stature (all life is of equal value)
2. Consultation as a value orientation – leadership processes rely heavily on consultation –
especially where vexing problems need to be solved. Typically there is no voting, issues are
deliberated upon until consensus is reached or sufficient consensus emerges. The king then
sums up and gives direction, guided by the collective wisdom.
3. Interdependence as a superior value to independence – The African proclivity tends to value
interdependence over independence.
4. Individualism versus collectivism and the African inclination – Even though heroes and
heroines are adored, rabid individualism is abhorred. A leader who lives by the tenets of
consultation and persuasion is preferred. Leadership collectivism that pursues group survival
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and defends group claims in upheld. This holds the leadership centre intact, enabling it to
manage the conflicts that arise.
Lessons from History:
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Downloaded by Jennifer Le Roux (jennifer.b.leroux@gmail.com)
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