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Summary bioLOGY
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Summary of 14 pages for the course Biology at 12th Grade (Bio review)
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11.1 - Antibody Production and VaccinationImmunity is based on the recognition of self and the destruction of foreign material.
Antigens in Blood Transfusion
- The surface of an ogansims’s cells are coveted in uniquely shaped molecules. These
surfaces molecules have a wide ange of functions. An organism ecognizes surface as
foreign and povoke a specific immune response (antibody poduction).
- An antigen is any foreign material that can tigger an immune response
- The most common antigens are proteins and lage polysacchaides found on the surface of
cance cells, parasites, bacteia, pollen gains and envelopes of viuses.
- The immune system functions based on recognized the distinction between “foreign”
antigens and “self”
- Antigens on the surface of pollen gains trigger the immune response called ‘allergies’ or
‘hay fever’
Application: Antigens in Blood Transfusion
- The diffeent blood types are detemine by the pesence o absence of cetain types of
antigens found on the surface of red blood cells to categorize blood into 4 types.
- Type A blood has the antigen A on its surface
- Type B blood has the antigen B on its surface
- Type AB blood has the antigen A and B on its surface
- Type O blood has neither Antigen on its surface
- The most impotant things to conside with blood tansfusions is the ABO type and the
Rhesus (Rh) blood type
- Any mismatch can lead to an immune response called agglutination followed by
hemolysis where the red blood cells are destroyed and may coagulate (clump togethe) in
the blood vessels
- Type A blood has type A antigen (surface protiens) on its cells. Mixing Type A blood
with anti-A serum and anti A+B serum
Movement System:
The ability to move is controlled by a number of interacting body systems
Nervous System - Motor neurons deliver signals to the muscles which cause them to contract
and create movement. They also control the timing of muscle contractions
Muscular System- Muscles deliver the force required to move one bone in relation to another
Skeletal System- consists of bones that act as levers and provides a structure for the muscles to
pull
, SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Skeletons are rigid frameworks that function to provide support and protection for body
organs.
- Skeletons can be internal (endoskeletal) or external (exoskeleton) depending on the
organism.
- Endoskeletons typically consist to numerous bones, while exoskeletons are comprised of
connected segments
- Skeletons provide a surface for muscle attachment and thus facilitate the movement of an
organism
- Bones and exoskeletons act as levers, moving in response to muscular contraction
- Bones are connected to other bones by ligaments and bones are connected to muscles by
tendons
Levers
Muscles and bones act together to achieve a variety of movements by forming different types of
levers
- A lever consists of Four main parts : lever arm, fulcrum, force and load
- Bones function as the lever arm (structural framework of lever)
- Joints function as the fulcrum (point on which the lever turns)
- Muscles provide the force or effort required to move the lever
- The load is typically the weight of the body part being moved
Antagonistic pair of muscles
Muscles that attach to the same bones but accomplish opposite movements when they contract
Grasshoppers (Acrididae) are insects with an exoskeleton and their muscles are on the insides
of the hard shell.
The back leg is much longer than the others to aid jumping. Long Legs increase the distance over
which the jumper can push on the ground.
The two main muscles inside are the extensor and flexor tibiae muscle which contracts to flex the
leg. These muscles pull on tendons which are attached to the tibia on either side of the joint
pivot.
Skeletal muscles, such as the extensor and flexor that occur in pairs are often antagonistic: when
one muscle contracts the other relaxes to produce controlled movement in opposite directions.
BICEPS→TRICEPS
Synovial Joints
Synovial joints are capsules that surround the articulating surfaces of two bones (i.e. where the
bones connect)
Joints function to maintain structural stability by allowing certain movements but not others
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