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Essay Plans - Government and politics in the UK $9.68
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Essay Plans - Government and politics in the UK

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9 markers & 25 markers essay plans for topics listed in AQA Government and Politics A-level Paper 1

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  • September 5, 2023
  • 7
  • 2022/2023
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Pressure groups


Explain and analyse 3 functions of pressure groups. (9)

P – participation.

Ex – between elections, retain communication with MP, can offer routes into politics.

Ev – Shami Chakrabarti, director of Liberty, appointed as a member to the HoL for Lab. 2016.

An – reinforce inequalities, CBI rep businesses, advantage in finance & relaxed over membership.

P – representation.

Ex – aggregate/articulate common interest, represent specific ones opposed to ‘catch-all’ parties.

Ev – SPUC, represent those who oppose abortion, none of the main political parties do.

An – no effective political voice, business groups dominate. Crisis do not represent favourable things.

P – education.

Ex – specialist knowledge, help government by avoiding costly mistakes, help educate public.

Ev – BMA library of books, journals and articles, public can access and issue briefings to MPs/peers.

An – misleading/selective data. Taxpayers’ Alliance used it to support lower taxes & public spending.

Explain and analyse 3 criticisms of the typologies of pressure groups. (9)

P – sectional/cause groups.

Ex – categorise groups w aims, or issues not of benefit to members, many groups don’t neatly fit.

Ev – Greenpeace’s anti-nuclear power campaign, fails those for nuclear power, newer reduce carbon.

An – narrow focus, develop deep expertise on issue, NUT reps’ teachers, effectively lobby.

P – insider.

Ex – close relationships w policymakers, elite captured, so their interests are overrepresented.

Ev – BMA criticised, failing to consider patients/public, policies at the expense of public health.

An – direct access, CBI have access to gov ministers & can provide input on econ. Policy decisions.

P – outsider.

Ex – by necessity, not able to regularly consult, barriers of access, limit ability to policy decisions.

Ev – Occupy London, protest camp outside St Paul’s Cathedral but most of their demands unmet.

An – mobilize public opinion, Friends of the Earth, public demonstrations to build support.

, Pressure groups


Explain and analyse 3 reasons for being insider pressure groups. (9)

P – gain access.

Ex – to policymakers, insider seen as more legit than outside, viewed as knowledgeable/informed.

Ev – CBI, rep 190,000 businesses, access gov officials at all levels like PM & senior cabinet ministers.

An – Shelter, insider that does not have access to gov officials, can still influence though.

P – resources/expertise.

Ex – data, research & expertise, competitive advantage, make informed arguments, media visibility.

Ev – National Farmers’ Union, leading lobbying group, resources/expertise on agricultural issues.

An – Chartered Institute of Environmental Health, lack significant financial resources or expertise.

P – influence.

Ex – collab/compromise, insider better to work w stakeholders, build broad coalitions of support.

Ev – The Association of British Insurers, track record of collabs to shape insurance-related legislation.

An – Royal Society of Arts, respected rep but lack expertise to influence policy outcomes nationally.

Explain and analyse 3 reasons for being outsider pressure groups (9)

P – lack of access.

Ex – due to lack of resources, expertise or connections, views not aligned with those in power.

Ev – Extinction Rebellion, gained public attention but struggled to gain access to policymakers.

An – BLM, outsider but secure meetings w/ UK gov officials like Home Sec & Mayor of London.

P – mobilising public opinion.

Ex – protests, demonstrations & media campaign, effective when having broad public support.

Ev – Stop the War coalition, largest public demonstration ever 2003, drew 2 million people.

An – Just Stop Oil, tactics create hostility when it impacted people’s day-to-day lives.

P – challenge status quo.

Ex – promote systemic change, confrontational approach to advocacy, civil disobedience.

Ev – Reclaim These Streets, challenges status quo of patriarchal society, advocates change towards
women’s safety & equality.

An – EDL, opposes Islam, largely unsuccessful, diverse/multicultural society in the UK.

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