Summary notes for the module. Defines and explains the biomedical ethical principles, animal experimentation, deontology and utilitarianism, mental health and society, clinical trials.
History of biomedicine:
18th-19th century = Europe - emergence of experimental medicine <- French revolution
Guilds/professions agreed codes of practice
Evolution of medicine:
1. Bedside
2. Library
3. Hospital
4. Laboratory
5. Community
Historical Figures + Events involved in the evolution of biomedicine:
Hippocrates = father of medicine
Theory of humours: bodily fluids must be balanced e.g. blood, phlegm, yellow bile + red bile
Age of Enlightenment: Robert Hooke developed microscopy
Koch + Pfeiffer investigated plague using microscope
Edward Jenner: smallpox vaccine
Inoculated cow pox from sore on hand produced
Inserted into arm to prevent smallpox
First vaccine
Burke and Hare: body snatchers 19th C
Supplied Edinburgh medical school with cadavers for dissection
Reliant on a common but not universal moral code of practice
Tuskegee Experiment:
Cure found by other scientists
Scientists left patients with syphilis to study natural progression
Henrietta Lacks: immortal HeLa cell line
Had cervical cancer -> tissue taken without knowledge during surgery
Cancerous cells self-replicate -> used all over world
WWII Nazi Experimentation:
Experimented on prisoners + people in concentration camps
e.g. freezing experiments, sterilisation, twin experiments
Politics of biomedicine progression:
Crisis -> urgency -> stimulates biomedical invention + development
Crisis = Conflict, colonisation, natural disasters, epidemics, economics..
Colonisation -> exposure to tropical diseases
Biomedical Ethics:
Internationally agreed principles in 20th Century:
1. Nuremburg Code <- due to Nazi experiments
, 2. Declaration of Helsinki <- developed by World Medical Association
Ethics to protect human subjects
Four biomedical ethical principles:
Not legally binding, no hierarchy
1. Autonomy: right to self-rule
Individual right + decision making
Informed consent of competent person
Incompetent -> coercion
2. Non-maleficence: duty to not harm others
3. Beneficence: resulting in or doing good
4. Justice: Distribute benefits, risks + costs fairly
Patients in similar conditions should be treated similarly
Paternalism: making decisions for someone else with the intention of benefitting them
Deontological Ethics: 18th C – Kant
➔ Humans should not be treated as a means to an end
Actions not outcomes
• Duty to act good wether or not outcomes are good
Utilitarianism: 18th C Bentham + 19th C Mill
➔ Produces most pleasure + least unhappiness
Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act
Type of Consequentialism: results determine whether act is right or wrong
• Better the outcomes, better the act
e.g. herd vaccination
Virtue Ethics: Plato, Aristotle + Anscombe
• Moral character of person carrying out the act
Whole of a persons life instead particular actions
Characters = compassion, discernment, trustworthiness, integrity, conscientiousness…
• Individuals virtues throughout their life
Ethics on Animal Experimentation:
Vivisection: any type of research on animals
Biotechnology: use science to alter characteristics of an animal
History:
1. Aristotle 340BC
2. Galen dissected pigs + goats
3. Avenzoar tested surgical procedures on animals
4. Loui injected anthrax into sheep -> germ theory: infections caused by microorganisms
5. Pavlov’s dogs = classical conditioning -> learned stimulus
6. Dolly the sheep = genetic clone
Legislations:
Royal Commission 1910
Cruelty to Animals Act 1976
The animals scientific procedures act 1986 -> need 3 licenses
1. Projects licence
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller gotham9059. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $7.22. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
