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This assignment is established using various links but with own understanding and knowledge, it represents detailed and evaluated information on infections.
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Asma InayatUnit 9
Learning Aim B & C
Infection Prevention and Control
Learning Aim B
PASS (P3) DEMONSTRATE THE CORRECT USE OF STANDARD PROCEDURES TO PREVENT
INFECTION IN HEALTH OR SOCIAL CARE SETTING
PASS (P4) DEMONSTRATE CORRECT DECONTAMINATION TECHNIQUES IN A HEALTH OR SOCIAL
CARE SETTING
PASS (P5) REVIEW HOW SUCCESSFULLY USE OF OWN TECHNIQUES PREVENTED AND
CONTROLLED INFECTION
MERIT (M2) DEMONSTRATE THE CORRECT USE OF PROCEDURES TO PREVENT AND CONTROL
INFECTION, ADAPTING THEM FOR DIFFERENT SITUATIONS
DISTINCTION (D2) JUSTIFY THE PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES SELECTED AND ADAPTED TO PREVENT
AND CONTROL INFECTION WITH REFERENCE TO THE DIFFERENT SITUATIONS
PASS (P3)
The standard procedures are carried out to protect and prevent all the healthcare and the patients from
the infection spread through the contact between individuals (patients and healthcare providers).
Standard procedures are performed to reduce the risk of infections, the basic and minimum levels of
infection prevention and control. The standard precautions are hand hygiene (hand wash after touching
patients for example, gastroenterologist may examine the patient's stomach, after the contact the
professional should wash the hands with all the procedure stated in P5 and use hand sanitizer), use
sanitizer after every contact with patient or any equipment. For example, I was dealing with a patient
who had eczema and through that it could have spread on my skin (to prevent from that I wore gloves
and mask, that essentially protected), but then I had to visit several patients with the doctors in the
wards where patients had typhoid, HIV, COVID, severe allergic reactions. To visit them and carry their
files which are kept in the patients’ room may be contagious too, because of their air droplets, breath
that may have travelled through the air and get in contact with the equipment or tools. It may not
always be infectious but precaution and correct management of personal hygiene would support in
prevention. I was consistently either washing hands with disinfectant soap (eventually after visiting
every 2-3 patients) and sanitizing after every patient and tried to change the PPE kit, for extra personal
and the patient safety. These are the standard procedures to be carried out while directly contacting the
patients.
PPE (personal protective equipment) is a wearable equipment which protect and prevent the
professional own clothes (disposable gowns) and direct skin contact with blood or any highly potential
infectious agents such as masks (protect the healthcare provider and the patients from inhaling the air
droplets from one another), gloves (getting contact with patients who have blood, bodily fluids, and
secretions, would essentially need gloves to be exchanged to new ones in between the process of
examining or testing the patient to stop the spread of the germs within the fluids, that the professional
may touch other things/equipment's and may potentially be harmful, make sure to wash hands twice,
,after the contact with the patient and before meeting another patients), and eyewear for certain areas
in the hospital for example, operation theatre where highly sharp equipment's are also used and to also
prevent the splashes of germs containing fluids. PPE should be used as risk assessment with contact to
such patients who have infection in blood, bodily fluids, and pathogens (when deep cuts, wounds from
any accidents/sharp object). Dispose of all the disposable equipment after one use. For example, I
visited a patient with severe diabetes (aged 52), whose diabetes was not balancing due to the weak
immune system. In that aspect to be distinguished, as a health care provider, I should acknowledge my
part of duty, in place to protect her from risking her health. For example, I wore the PPE kit at every visit
to that patient, checked her blood sugar levels and disinfected/sanitized the machine and my hands
before after every use. Changed her bedsheet every day to decontaminate any bacteria otherwise.
Before and after her toilet use, told the cleaners to disinfect the commode (as there are several bacteria
growth on that spot which mostly may infect any individual). By these factors the patient's sugar levels
were under control as she was being protected from areas that have contamination risk. Looking after
the patients' diet was one of the most important gestures, as I had to ensure that the staff in the kitchen
is handling the food correctly, for example, I assured they were wearing all PPE kit, one person was
making the food, and one was going to serve, to reduce the risk of the food travelling through several
people and then the germs to be spread. As food would play an important role in managing diabetes,
and for the immune system to get strong enough.
Cleaning and disinfecting the environmental surfaces within the healthcare setting should be carried out
as a daily routine and after every procedure is done, for example, wounds/cuts from an accident that
need to be covered with medical bands and plasters and blood may have been dropped on the bed, on
the patients' clothes that needs to be cleaned as soon as the bandage procedure is done. The cleaners
should immediately change the bedsheet and try to ask the person with the patient to bring new clothes
for the patient to change and either wash the clothes twice with disinfectant detergent or throw the
shirt of excess amount of blood is on clothes. Changing beds and clothes would remove the
microorganisms, and should be washed with disinfectant detergent, could be sterilized too that would
help to remove all the possible microorganisms and contaminated pathogens in the cloths. For example,
working in a hospital would also mean to interact with patients who had accidents (may get severe
injuries or moderate), these cases are usually emergencies, that may also create chaos. In my work
experience, I determined one case of accident, who was bleeding from the head, legs, and arms. Which
needed to be bandaged immediately for the bleeding to be stopped and disinfected, to reduce the risk
of infection spreading inside the individual’s body and on the equipment, he has interacted with. My job
was to clean the blood (used equipment such as wipes, standard gauze sponges, cotton pads,
disinfectant liquid for wounds) and disposed the waste into the waste bin, and after the procedure was
done send them to waste disposing area, to reduce the spread of pathogens. After this procedure, I
changed my PPE kit and sanitized myself thoroughly.
Carrying out appropriate food handling practice carries huge importance in preventing infection, as in
hospitals, patients need hygienic foods to consume while being admitted in healthcare setting and are
under treatment. The essential procedure includes head/hair disposable cap, gloves, disposable aprons
are preferred because it would be thrown away after every use and may have much less chance of
pathogens, microorganisms to grow on the clothes as the cook may touch. But cloth aprons may be used
too, even though they should be washed with disinfectant detergent more often. Wipe the hands with
warm sanitized wipes, or a paper towel on the clothing that may increase the growth of microbes and
,germs. Try to serve food to the patient by one person, so that the germs do not spread or grow on the
dishes, food, or the person. Wash hands after coughing, sneezing, cleaning environmental surfaces
which may have contaminated food, chemicals, after using toilet, handling raw meat and chicken,
cleaning bins, touching hairs. The individual around the food handling area, should also maintain a
personal hygiene such as do not put hands on the face, mouth or anywhere on the skin even with the
gloves on, do not brush hairs in the kitchen, do not cough, sneeze, spit, or smoke around in the kitchen.
Healthcare staff should acknowledge and be trained to understand the correct handling and disposable
of waste, the procedure of handling waste should be minimized into either small bags/box. So, reduce
the chance of overweighting the waste and dropping in between disposing. The sharp objects should be
kept in one yellow box to identify them and dispose of as soon as they are filled. Waste in the wards,
professionals' rooms, toilets, patient rooms should be handled correctly and very carefully with the
understanding that it should not be touched by anyone but only the handler. They should be disposed of
every day if filled or after every two days to reduce the spread and growth of parasites such as
mosquitoes, ants, bacteria. In my work experience, I was trained in the correct handling procedures of
hazardous waste, or any waste that may spread infection. For example, the chemicals used, injections,
cannula,
All these preventions and precautions are essential in controlling the spread and transmission of
infection. Every single person should pay attention to the precautions and procedures in preventing
infection, because the visitors in hospitals may have germs/infections or any bacteria, to create a barrier
between patients, visitors, and the healthcare staff. They all have the responsibility to wear masks and
gloves in certain areas. To stop the spread of bacteria. When they use all the precautions, then it may
highly decrease the spread of any bacteria or infection; the front-line staff (nurse, receptionist, cleaners,
cook) should understand the prevention of infection methods, as they get directly in touch and contact
with the patients.
Pass (P4)
Decontamination is the process of eliminating the gathered-up contamination from the staff and the
equipment. The decontaminating process protects the healthcare staff from hazardous substances that
may spread through contaminated surfaces/substances. It may pervade into protective clothing, tools,
and equipment for healthcare staff on duty. Decontamination prevents and minimizes the harmful
effects/substances/materials into clean and hygienic areas. The staff, equipment, and clothing such as
bed sheets and gowns may leave contamination on the objects, would be decontaminated to remove all
the chemicals, harmful substances, and organisms that may be infectious. Healthcare staff should be
able to know the techniques for how to prevent airborne droplets and contact precautions (by wearing
PPE)
Decontamination techniques/methods are physical, chemical, disinfection, sterilization includes,
autoclaving and heat. Physical disinfection/decontamination/cleaning eliminates microorganisms,
contaminants physically, which is needed before following the disinfected procedure. Which is washing
it with disinfect detergent and warm water. Effective detergent needs to be used to ensure that no
equipment is not damaged. It also decreases the cross infection between healthcare providers and the
patients.
, Disinfection is the process that decreases the level of microorganisms and germs that may have a higher
chance of causing infection. They may destroy many certain types of infection rather than spores or
fungi. It can be used in diverse ways and forms, such as for bed sheets they may use detergent and
sprays after washing, in liquid form for floor, windows, sprays for door handles, bed handles. These
decontaminations are done by physical cleaning (practically using in an amount that is needed).
Sterilization and disinfection are connected when in process, sterilization inactivates and eliminates all
the organisms which also includes fungi (spore). Sterilization done using heat in a certain temperature
destroys the active microbes/microorganisms in the most effective way. For example, washing machines
can have a system of including warm water while washing. Which may help effectively to inactive
microbes. Another example is autoclaving, which is a steaming process for example, vacuum steaming
heat also mainly preferred to be used while disinfecting any organisms that may cause infection.
Vacuum sterilization is easy to use, advanced, less time-consuming, relevant, and reliable, and should be
used appropriately and correctly to get the best results possible. These are reusable.
Chemical disinfectants are known as an effective disinfectant element in eliminating the effects of blood
borne viruses, for example, with bleach solution it needs prior cleaning to remove and reduce the
inadequacy of infections, bacteria, that may have been on waste clothes, hands, surfaces and only liquid
based disinfectants (chemically operated and approved), for example, in hospitals the floor, carpets, and
counters should be disinfected with either bleach, disinfectant antiseptic, these should be used in great
amount for it to work effectively. These works in inactivating germs and microorganisms. (Powder and
liquid detergents are used for this purpose).
Powder and liquid detergent are cleaning agents that are mixed into warm water for it to work
efficiently, effectively work and activate the substances within the detergent. It cleans the surfaces such
as floors, counters, windows, and door handles. Bleach contains chlorine which is beneficial in killing
germs and microorganisms. Alcohol based disinfectants are available in many different forms. For
example, sprays, sanitizers, liquid form antiseptics, and wipes.
Pheolin products/substances such as stericol and clearsol (it may not be used on human skin, as it may
damage skin barriers). Every chemical disinfectant has different relevant uses according to the infectious
agents. Blood and bodily fluids may be one of the elements where chemical disinfectants may be used.
All types of disinfectant should be stored in certain ways such as in specific temperatures labelled by the
manufacturer. Every contamination would need an unusual way of cleaning and disinfecting in particular
ways of applications.
Pass (P5)
Cleanliness is an attitude and behavior of constant habit of maintaining hygienic environment with
potential effects of challenging work behind. That will reduce the increasement of pollution, bacteria (to
stop the spread of infection/disease/illness) and contamination of food and environment. Cleanliness is
a state of reducing the dirt in the surroundings of one individual. There are certain activities and
techniques that would prevent infection. In the cleaning process, which was quick and easy, I used the
dusting cloth to remove the dust from the windows, mirrors, removed the objects from the table which
had glasses/tissues/medications/fruits, while wearing gloves, masks, and an apron. After removing these
things, I used the dusting cloth on the table and wiped it with disinfectant wipes, then I used the vacuum
on the floor before mopping, to remove all the dust/dirt/small particles which can only be removed by
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