Summary of the reading materials for the final exam (2023) for Introduction to Secret Affairs Notes on Readings. INCLUDES notes from (Total: 40 pages):
See * Summary List * on page 1.
Hi Maurits Smit, thank you for the review. It’s a shame the notes were not to your liking. Was there anything that could be improved? Thanks, Giacomo
By: lambertentingjonah • 1 year ago
By: giacomoef • 1 year ago
Thank you! Good luck with the exam today!
By: jays7fc • 10 months ago
By: giacomoef • 10 months ago
Thank you for the positive review!
By: nielsbroeder • 1 year ago
By: giacomoef • 1 year ago
Thank you for the review! Good luck with the exams :)
By: desfargesclaire • 1 year ago
By: giacomoef • 1 year ago
Thank you for the review. Good luck with the studying! :)
Seller
Follow
giacomoef
Reviews received
Content preview
Summary of the reading materials for the final exam (2023) for Introduction to Secret Affairs Notes
on Readings. INCLUDES notes from (Total: 40 pages):
● See * Summary List * on page 1.
Introduction to Secret Affairs Notes on Readings
Table of Contents
* Summary List * 1
“The Study of Intelligence in Theory and Practice” 2
“The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence” 4
James Wittz’s “4. The Sources & Methods of Intelligence Studies” 4
William J. Daugherty’s “37. Covert action: Strengths and Weaknesses” 5
“Surveillance, documentation and privacy: an international comparative analysis of state
intelligence records” 6
“Intelligence: from secrets to policy” 8
Chapter 4 - The Intelligence Process – A Macro Look: who does what for whom? 8
Chapter 5 - Collection & the Collection Disciplines 10
“Understanding the Intelligence Cycle” 14
1 - The Past & Future of the Intelligence Cycle 14
“The Kent-Kendall Debate of 1949” 15
“Intelligence Elsewhere: Spies and Espionage Outside the Anglosphere” 16
Introduction: An Agenda for the Comparative Study of Intelligence 16
“The way ahead in explaining intelligence organization and process” 17
“Intelligence under democracy and authoritarianism: a philosophical analysis” 19
“Open Source Intelligence (OSINT): An Oxymoron?” 22
“Foreign Intelligence Liaison: Devils, Deals and Details” 24
“‘Connecting Intelligence and Theory: Intelligence Liaison and International Relations” 27
“Explaining the depth and breadth of international intelligence cooperation: towards a
comprehensive understanding” 29
“Intelligence as Democratic Statecraft: Patterns of Civil-Intelligence Relations Across the Five Eyes
Security Community - the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand” 31
1. Introduction - The Democratic-Intelligence Paradox 31
“5. Democratic accountability of intelligence services” 35
“Grey is the New Black: Covert Action and Implausible Deniability” 37
“Covert Communication: The Intelligibility and Credibility of Signaling in Secret” 38
, 1
* Summary List *
These notes include a summary of each of the following readings:
● Lenn Scott and Peter Jackson’s article (2004) “The Study of Intelligence in Theory and
Practice”, pp. 139-169.
● Katherine M. Wisser and Joel A. Blanco-Rivera’s article (2015) “Surveillance, documentation
and privacy: an international comparative analysis of state intelligence records”, pp. 125-147.
● Lock K. Johnson’s book (2010) “The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence”,
chapters 4 & 37.
● Mark Lowenthal’s book (2009, 4th Edition) “Intelligence: from secrets to policy”, chapters 4 &
5.
● Michael Warner’s chapter 1 “The past and future of the Intelligence Cycle’ from Mark
Phythian’s book (2013) “Understanding the Intelligence Cycle”.
● Jack Davis’ article (1991) “The Kent-Kendall Debate of 1949”.
● Philip H. J. Davies and Kristian Gustafson’s chapter “Introduction: An Agenda for the
Comparative Study of Intelligence” in the book (2013) “Intelligence Elsewhere: Spies and
Espionage Outside the Anglosphere.
● Peter Gill’s article (2018) “The way ahead in explaining intelligence organization and
process”, pp. 574-586.
● Joseph M. Hatfield’s article (2022) “Intelligence under democracy and authoritarianism: a
philosophical analysis”, pp. 903-919.
● Bowman H. Miller’s article (2018) “Open Source Intelligence (OSINT): An Oxymoron?”, pp.
702-719.
● Jennifer Sims’ article (2006) “Foreign Intelligence Liaison: Devils, Deals and Details”, pp.
195-217.
● Adam D.M. Svendsen’s article (2009) “Connecting Intelligence and Theory: Intelligence
Liaison and International Relations”, pp. 700-729.
● Pepijn Tuinier’s article (2021) “Explaining the depth and breadth of international intelligence
cooperation: towards a comprehensive understanding”, pp. 116-138.
● Christian Leuprecht and Hayley McNorton’s book (2011) “Intelligence as Democratic
Statecraft: Patterns of Civil-Intelligence Relations Across the Five Eyes Security Community -
the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand”, pp. 1-21.
● Hans Born and Ian Leigh’s chapter (2007) “5. Democratic accountability of intelligence
services”, pp. 193-214.
● Richard Aldrich and Rory Cormac’s article (2018) “Grey is the New Black: Covert Action and
Implausible Deniability”, pp. 477-494.
● Austin Carson and Keren Yarhi-Milo’s article (2017) “Covert Communication: The Intelligibility
and Credibility of Signaling in Secret”, pp. 124-156.
, 2
“The Study of Intelligence in Theory and Practice”
Transformation of secret intelligence’s role in the 21st century (post 9/11 terrorist attacks &
justification of the 2003 war on Iraq).
➔ Continued to gather momentum.
➔ Growth as a focus of academic enquiry.
Scope & Focus: What is intelligence? How do we study it?
Intelligence: Process of gathering, analysing & making use of information. A tool of foreign/domestic
& defence policymaking (for the execution of policy & to inform policy).
➔ 3 separate associated things (Kent):
1. Knowledge.
2. Type of organisation that produces that knowledge
3. Activities pursued by that organisation
➔ Distinction between intelligence vs. government intelligence (Herman):
◆ Government Intelligence: Specialised organisations that have that name & what
they do/produce.
➔ 3 distinct perspectives:
1. First Approach (International Historians): Explains the relationship between
organisational structure & policy making, intelligence as a means of acquiring new
information to explain policy decisions in peace & war.
● Focus on:
○ Process of intelligence collection.
○ Origin of individual sources of intelligence.
○ Precise use that is made of intelligence as it travels up the chain of
decision.
● Intelligence as a tool of foreign & defence policymaking.
2. Second Approach: Establishes general models that explain success/failure in the
intelligence process (focus on levels of analysis & decision). Aim to analyse the
personal, political & institutional biases that characterise intelligence organisations.
● Intelligence as a tool of foreign & defence policymaking.
3. Third Approach: Political function of intelligence as a means of state control.
● Use of intelligence sources in understanding the role of ideology & state
power in political, social & cultural life.
Intelligence & the Study of International Relations
Failure to integrate intelligence studies into the mainstream research in international relations (IR).
➔ Interest confined mainly to scholars working on theories of decision-making.
➔ Neglect in other areas of IR (humanitarian intervention, democratic peace debates, attempts
at regime change).
➔ Solutions:
◆ Need for different conceptual approaches to understand security threats & radical
changes in the way intelligence agencies process knowledge on these threats.
◆ Less hierarchical intelligence communities, based on:
● The concept of information ‘networks ‘.
, 3
● ‘Open’ sources of information.
Speaking ‘Truth unto Power’ or ‘Power unto Truth’?
Relationship between power & knowledge.
➔ The image of an independent & apolitical intelligence community = questioned.
➔ Idea of speaking truth unto power has clear relevance to debates over the relationship
between government & academia.
Dark Sides of Moons
Issues of strategic surprise & intelligence failure have loomed large in the evolution of the study of
intelligence.
➔ Need for intelligence communities to:
◆ Pay closer attention to the many dimensions of global insecurity.
◆ Adapt to new political problems facing world politics.
Misleading distinction between gathering intelligence & intervening in other states’ internal affairs.
Intelligence & Ethics
Intelligence’s ethical & legal dimensions are rarely analysed → need for an explicit concern with
moral issues (Herman).
➔ Intelligence requires ‘a similar ethical foundation’ to the use of armed force (Herman).
Popular Culture & Intelligence
Popular culture has played an important role in shaping official & public attitudes towards
intelligence (fiction provides a range of ethical representations of intelligence).
A Final ‘Missing Dimension’: National & International Intelligence Cooperation
Another neglected aspect = cooperation between different intelligence services at the:
● National level = efficient cooperation between secret services is crucial to the effective
exploitation of intelligence.
● International level = has received more attention from historians (e.g., Anglo-America
‘intelligence alliance’).
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller giacomoef. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $14.13. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
